High Accuracy Time of Flight Measurement for Ultrasonic Anemometer Applications

Han, Dong; Ye, Jun

doi:10.1109/imccc.2013.21

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Unlike cup and thermal anemometers, ultrasonic anemometers incur relatively little maintenance cost due to the absence of mechanical rotating parts [28]. Furthermore, ultrasonic anemometers have high sensitivity and can perform well in harsh environments [29]. Finally, the high precision and wide measuring range of ultrasonic anemometers make them the first choice for wind measurement [30].The main wind measurement methods used in ultrasonic sensors are the vortex [31,32] and the time-of-flight (TOF) [29,33,34].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, ultrasonic anemometers have high sensitivity and can perform well in harsh environments [29]. Finally, the high precision and wide measuring range of ultrasonic anemometers make them the first choice for wind measurement [30].The main wind measurement methods used in ultrasonic sensors are the vortex [31,32] and the time-of-flight (TOF) [29,33,34]. The vortex method determines wind speed by measuring the frequency of the vortex, based on the proportional relationship between the average flow velocity and the eddy current frequency.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main wind measurement methods used in ultrasonic sensors are the vortex [31,32] and the time-of-flight (TOF) [29,33,34]. The vortex method determines wind speed by measuring the frequency of the vortex, based on the proportional relationship between the average flow velocity and the eddy current frequency.…”

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Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Teng

Zhu

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The wind power industry continues to experience rapid growth worldwide. However, the fluctuations in wind speed and direction complicate the wind turbine control process and hinder the integration of wind power into the electrical grid. To maximize wind utilization, we propose to precisely measure the wind in a three-dimensional (3D) space, thus facilitating the process of wind turbine control. Natural wind is regarded as a 3D vector, whose direction and magnitude correspond to the wind's direction and speed. A semi-conical ultrasonic sensor array is proposed to simultaneously measure the wind speed and direction in a 3D space. As the ultrasonic signal transmitted between the sensors is influenced by the wind and environment noise, a Multiple Signal Classification algorithm is adopted to estimate the wind information from the received signal. The estimate's accuracy is evaluated in terms of root mean square error and mean absolute error. The robustness of the proposed method is evaluated by the type A evaluation of standard uncertainty under a varying signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results validate the accuracy and anti-noise performance of the proposed method, whose estimated wind speed and direction errors converge to zero when the SNR is over 15 dB.Sensors 2020, 20, 523 2 of 16 turbines, which further maximizes wind utilization efficiency [10]. In addition, wind measurement can be used to estimate the corresponding power generation, thus contributing to the system scheduling and energy dispatching, and, ultimately, the integration of wind power in the grid [11]. In summation, precise wind speed and direction measurements in a 3D space are of vital importance to wind energy utilization and the wind power industry.Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology is one of the most popular wind measurements [12]. However, LIDAR can only measure the wind speed component along the line of sight, a disadvantage known as "the Cyclops dilemma" [13,14]. Therefore, the wind distribution measurement in a 3D space would require the very costly installment and deployment of several LIDARs in the wind farm. In contrast, wind measurement sensors are much cheaper and could be deployed around the wind field in distances of miles to provide information for previewing wind measurement. Several types of wind measurement sensors have been employed by researchers, including cup anemometers [15][16][17], thermal anemometers [18][19][20], and ultrasonic anemometers [21][22][23]. However, measurements from cup anemometers often suffer from errors caused by wear and tear on the internal rotating bearings, and frequent inspection or calibration is required to ensure measurement accuracy [24,25]. The performance of cup anemometers can also be affected by the measuring environment. For example, cup anemometers are prone to jamming in humid environments, since water vapor can penetrate their bearings [26]. Thermal anemometers also have difficulties coping with harsh environments. In addition, their sensitivity to changes in the velocity f...

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Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Teng

Zhu

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Besides, there are also some complicated and expensive sensors like ultrasonic anemometers [8], [9].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low cost embedded weather station with intelligent system

Shaout

Zhou

et al. 2014

2014 10th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO)

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This paper presents an embedded design of a low cost weather station. Three weather parameters; wind speed, wind directions and temperature are measured. The measured parameters are used to measure the wind chill temperature and dressing index through calculation and a build-in intelligent system. Only basic types sensors were used (a reflective optical sensor, potentiometer and a temperature sensor) so that the cost of this design is reduced.A small scale neural network was planted into the microcontroller for the post-processing. Taking the three measured data as inputs, the system gave out the dressing index as an output. All of the data were displayed on the LCD and also sent to computer from the serial port.

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“…The term 'air movement' includes air speed (distance traveled by air in a period of time), air velocity (directional component of air speed in 3 dimensions), and air flow (volume of air passing in a period of time). Air movement is measured by different types of anemometers that take advantage of a flow's (1) mechanical forces, (2) induced pressure differences, (3) heat transfer properties of the fluid boundary layer, or (4) the time of travel across a known distance [1]. Mechanical anemometers generally involve rotating parts that are subject to friction, affecting calibration and the speed at which the device starts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Air Speed With a Low-Power MEMS Ultrasonic Anemometer via Adaptive Phase Tracking

et al. 2019

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Indoor air movement affects many functions of buildings, including ventilation and air quality, comfort and health of occupants, fire safety, and building energy use. Accurately measuring air movement has been difficult and expensive over extended periods of time, especially for velocities below 1 m/s. A new type of high frequency ultrasonic transceiver provides high sensitivity measurements and low cost through microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) manufacturing. However, at high frequencies, conventional ultrasonic signal processing algorithms function only over small ranges of ambient temperature and velocity. In this paper, we describe three algorithms that use the complex phase angle of an ultrasonic pulse to measure velocity and temperature over extended ranges of temperature and velocity. They employ heuristics to track the vibration cycle of the measured phase angle. These methods are applied in a pulse-based anemometer whose 176kHz MEMS transceivers both transmit and receive. In wind tunnel tests between 0-4 m/s, the tracking algorithm with a low-pass filter measured air speed with high sensitivity and accuracy (0.026 m/s mean absolute error). The ability to monitor to this accuracy with such low power draw and low cost is currently unprecedented in the industry.

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High Accuracy Time of Flight Measurement for Ultrasonic Anemometer Applications

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Low cost embedded weather station with intelligent system

Measuring Air Speed With a Low-Power MEMS Ultrasonic Anemometer via Adaptive Phase Tracking

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