“…If the original coupling to the torsion vector is zero (G = 0), the situation corresponds to the Palatini formulation, and we retain a single-field theory with scalar perturbations when adding higher order terms in T (possibly coupled to the scalar field), though not if we add terms that are non-linear in T + 2µ∇ α T α with µ = 0. Likewise, if we consider the metric-equivalent case with P = 1 and G = F , and add higher order terms in T + 2∇ α T α , the scalar perturbations remain, although we get a two-field theory, as is well known in the metric formulation [75,200,[202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214]. In contrast, if F = G = 0, adding terms non-linear in T or T + 2µ∇ α T α generates a coupling to the torsion vector.…”