“…Unfortunately, the development of public transport infrastructure does not always grow at the same pace. Buses are currently the only formal public transport mode in Vietnam that is often used by individuals with a low-income (e.g., students, factory workers) ( Pham et al, 2021 , Nguyen-Phuoc et al, 2021b ). As such, when ride-hailing taxi services (e.g., Grab, Goviet) were introduced, they quickly became more prevalent, experienced rapid growth, and played a central role in the transport system of Vietnam in recent years ( Nguyen-Phuoc et al, 2020b , Nguyen-Phuoc et al, 2021c ).…”