Hierarchy and molecular properties of house dust mite allergens

Abstract

The allergenic load of house dust mite allergy is largely constituted by a few proteins with a hierarchical pattern of allergenicity. The serodominant specificities are the group 1&2 and the group 23 faecal allergens. The collective IgE binding to the group 1&2 allergens can measure unequivocal HDM sensitisation better than HDM extracts although discrepancies have been found in regions with complex acarofauna suggesting a need to investigate the specificity with allergen components. The group 4, 5, 7&21 allergens that each induce responses in about 40% of subjects are mid-tier allergens accounting for most of the remaining IgE binding. Their titres are proportional to the concomitant responses to Der p1&2. Group 2 allergen variants have different antibody binding. Body proteins only occasionally induce sensitisation although a higher prevalence of binding by atopic dermatitis patients provides a new avenue of research. A broad spectrum of IgE binding has been associated with diverse symptoms but not with the severity of asthma which is associated with low IgG antibody. Some allergens such as the group 14 large lipid binding proteins and the recently described proteins Der f 24-33, need further investigation but with the cognoscence that other denominated allergens have been found to be minor sensitisers by comparative quantitative analyses. Scabies is a confounder for diagnosis with extracts, inducing cross-reactive antibodies with Der p 4&20 as is seafood allergy with cross reactivity to Der p 10 a minor HDM allergen. The HDM genome sequence can now be used to verify allelic and paralogous variations.

A Proteomic Analysis ofSarcoptes scabiei(Acari: Sarcoptidae)

“…Scabies mites are closely related phylogenetically to other astigmatid mites including the Dermatophagoides spp. house dust mites that are known to be the sources of at least 33 allergen molecules (Thomas 2015). A search of our scabies genome revealed the presence of genes coding for homologs of 27 of these 33 proteins (Rider et al 2015).…”

Subcutaneous Allergic Sensitization to Protease Allergen Is Dependent on Mast Cells but Not IL-33: Distinct Mechanisms between Subcutaneous and Intranasal Routes

“…The protease activity of HDM allergens has been shown to cause barrier dysfunction, to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in epithelial cells and keratinocytes, to cleave various molecules, to modulate functions of various cell types, and to induce Th2 responses and IgE production (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). HDM group 1 allergens, Der f 1 and Der p 1, and papain, a papaya fruit-derived occupational allergen, belong to the same family of cysteine proteases, family C1 of clan CA (5,11,12). Protease activity of papain (10,13) and recombinant Der f 1 (rDer f 1) (10) is essential to airway eosinophilia and serum IgE/IgG1 responses induced by inhalation of the protease allergens.…”

House Dust Mites Induce Production of Endothelin-1 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Keratinocytes via Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 Activation

“…Mites are now recognized as a major source of allergens in house dust [5]. Most patients with AD have high levels of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to house dust mite (HDM) allergens, and circulating mite-specific T cells are observed in the majority (70%) of mite-sensitive patients with AD [6,7].…”