Hierarchies of Regulations and their Logic

Alchourrón, Carlos E.; Makinson, David

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8484-4_5

Cited by 151 publications

(73 citation statements)

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“…Also (Alchourron and Makinson, 1981) support this view: "when we consider the regulations in legal or administrative code, we can often discern some kind of hierarchy among them. Some are regarded as more basic or fundamental than others", p.125.…”

Section: Permissions In Hierarchical Legal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 95%

A Replanning Algorithm for Decision Theoretic Hierarchical Planning: Principles and Empirical Evaluation

Boella

Damiano

2008

Applied Artificial Intelligence

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In this paper, we present a replanning algorithm for a decision-theoretic hierarchical planner, and illustrate the experimental methodology we designed to investigate its performance. The methodology relies on an agentbased framework, in which plan failures emerge from the interplay of the agent and the environment. Given this framework, the replanning algorithm is compared with planning from scratch by executing experiments in different domains. The empirical evaluation shows the superiority of replanning with respect from planning from scratch. However, the observation of significant differences in the data collected across planning domains confirm the importance of empirical evaluation in practical systems.

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Section: Permissions In Hierarchical Legal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 95%

A Replanning Algorithm for Decision Theoretic Hierarchical Planning: Principles and Empirical Evaluation

Boella

Damiano

2008

Applied Artificial Intelligence

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“…Conflicts between obligations and permissions are traditionally studied using hierarchies (Alchourron and Makinson 1981), which we formalize as an ordering on the generator pointers, in which each cluster represents an authority.…”

Section: Priorities and Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alchourròn and Makinson (1981) define a hierarchy of regulations in this way: ''a hierarchy of regulations to be a pair (A, ) where A is a non-empty set of propositions, called a code, and is a partial ordering of A'', (p. 126). Moreover, ''[the judge] need[s] to compare, whenever possible, one set of regulations with another.…”

Section: Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, given a relation on rules, how can it be lifted to a relation on sets of rules? As Alchourròn and Makinson (1981) notice, ''there is no a priory way of determining what the most suitable definitions will be''.…”

Section: Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alchourròn and Makinson (1981) first addressed in a formal way the notion of derogation: ''the [legislative] body may decide to reject y, with the intention of thereby rejecting implicitly whatever in A implies y, retaining the remainder. This we shall call derogation '', (p. 127).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Institutions with a hierarchy of authorities in distributed dynamic environments

Boella

Torre

2007

Artif Intell Law

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A single global authority is not sufficient to regulate heterogenous agents in multiagent systems based on distributed architectures, due to idiosyncratic local situations and to the need to regulate new issues as soon as they arise. On the one hand institutions should be structured as normative systems with a hierarchy of authorities able to cope with the dynamics of local situations, but on the other hand higher authorities should be able to delimit the autonomy of lower authorities to issue valid norms. In this paper, we study the interplay of obligations and strong permissions in the context of hierarchies of authorities using input/output logic, because its explicit norm base facilitates reasoning about norm base maintenance, and it covers a variety of conditional obligations and permissions. We combine the logic with constraints, priorities and hierarchies of authorities. In this setting, we observe that Makinson and van der Torre's notion of prohibition immunity for permissions is no longer sufficient, and we introduce a new notion of permission as exception and a new distinction between static and dynamic norms. We show how strong permissions can dynamically change an institution by adding exceptions to obligations, provide an explicit representation of what is permitted to the subjects of the normative system and allow higher level authorities to limit the power of lower level authorities to change the normative system.

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Formalizing falsification: Three delete operations

Schätz¹

1990

Mathematical Logic Qtrly

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Hierarchies of Regulations and their Logic

Cited by 151 publications

References 0 publications

A Replanning Algorithm for Decision Theoretic Hierarchical Planning: Principles and Empirical Evaluation

A Replanning Algorithm for Decision Theoretic Hierarchical Planning: Principles and Empirical Evaluation

Institutions with a hierarchy of authorities in distributed dynamic environments

Formalizing falsification: Three delete operations

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