“…Due to different reasons, real engineering structures always have some inevitable uncertainties, such as loads, physical and geometric parameters, boundary conditions, and system failure conditions. 1–5 Many calculation methods have been implemented to solve the uncertainty in solid mechanics, 6–8 structural mechanics, 9,10 fluid mechanics, 11,12 and fluid–structure interaction, 13,14 including stochastic finite element method (FEM), 15–18 fuzzy FEM, 19–21 and interval parameter perturbation method. 22–26 The stochastic FEM requires the statistic characteristics of uncertainty parameters, while the fuzzy FEM is very slow.…”