Hierarchical S-doped porous carbon derived from by-product lignin for high-performance supercapacitors

Abstract

For the first time, hierarchical S-doped porous carbon was fabricated using sodium lignosulfonate as a carbon and sulfur precursor through a simple template technique. , excellent rate performance with 73% capacitance retention after a current density increasing from 0.5 to 20 A g À1 and cycling stability, with 97% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles.Additionally, a symmetric supercapacitor based on S-PC-L-900 delivers a high energy density (6.9 W h kg À1) at 50 W kg À1.

Sustainable Utilization of Biomass Refinery Wastes for Accessing Activated Carbons and Supercapacitor Electrode Materials

“…The specific capacitance of Chem-900-2( Figure 1a good cycling stability of the Chem-900-2e lectrode material, with ac apacitance retention of approximately 92 %a fter 10 000 charge/discharge cyclesc onducted at 10 Ag À1 within the potential window À1a nd À0.1 Vi nathree-electrode system ( Figure 1d). [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Apparently,t he high capacitance of Chem-900-2 carbon can be attributed to its advantageous micro-/mesoporous structure. Probably,t he slight decrease in capacitance was caused by spontaneous formation of cracks and exfoliationo ft he electrode active mass at some surface segments as ar esult of gas evolution.…”

“…Probably,t he slight decrease in capacitance was caused by spontaneous formation of cracks and exfoliationo ft he electrode active mass at some surface segments as ar esult of gas evolution. [62] The majority of carbon materials described in thel iterature [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] have microporouss tructures, whicha re responsible for the high SSA BET values. [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Apparently,t he high capacitance of Chem-900-2 carbon can be attributed to its advantageous micro-/mesoporous structure.…”

“…All in all, the Chem-900-2 sample demonstrates an electrochemical performance close to (or higher than) the performances of typical bio-waste derived ACs studied in aqueous KOH electrolyte, [46][47][48] although the SSA of Chem-900-2i su pt oa pproximately four times lower than the SSAs of other carbon materials described in the literature. [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Apparently,t he high capacitance of Chem-900-2 carbon can be attributed to its advantageous micro-/mesoporous structure. The specific character of porosity substantially determines the capacitance, ando nly the pores accessible to electrolyte ions can form the electrode-electrolyte double layer.…”

“…[3,31] The large surface area of AC materials is not as ufficient condition for high capacitance and,i nm any cases, electrode materials with moderate surfacea reas but optimal micro-/mesoporous structures are more efficient in SC applications. [62] The majority of carbon materials described in thel iterature [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] have microporouss tructures, whicha re responsible for the high SSA BET values. In contrast, Chem-900-2c arbon contains mainly mesopores of 2-5 nm.…”

Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic Biomass from an Elm Clone: Production of Fermentable Sugars and Lignin‐Derived Biochar for Energy and Environmental Applications

“…The energy density of the AH‐Enz‐py SC was 14 Wh kg −1 and the maximum power density was 7000 W kg −1 . These values are very high as compared to other reported SCs based on lignin biomass,,,,, and reflect thus the high surface area and more graphitized structure of AH‐Enz‐py.…”