“…To facilitate the Roofline study, a range of other tools have sprung to life as well, for example, the Empirical Roofline Toolkit (ERT) for more accurate machine characterization [12], [13], and [14], [15], [16], [17], [18] for more streamlined data collection methods. Other than tools development, there are many studies on the application of the Roofline model in traditional HPC [19], [17], [18], [20], [21] and Machine Learning [17], [18], [22], [23], and extension and refinement of the model to related topics in HPC, such as instruction Roofline [24], time-based Roofline [23], Roofline scaling trajectory [25], performance portability analysis based on Roofline [13], and power and energy Roofline [26], [27].…”