Solution-processed Ag-Bi-I rudorffites
with direct band gaps of
<2 eV show promise for highly efficient and cost-effective Pb-free
solar cells. However, relatively fast crystallization rates of Bi-based
films and limited solubility of BiI3 in many solvents result
in poor film morphologies, inhibiting their device performance. Here,
we conduct a solvent-engineering method to adjust the dynamics of
nucleation and growth during film formation. We fabricate Ag2BiI5, AgBiI4, and AgBi2I7 absorber layers using a mixed solvent of dimethylformamide (DMF)
and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and find that a volume percentage of
50% DMSO causes highly uniform and dense perovskite films via a BiI3-DMSO-AgI intermediate phase formation, leading to solar cells
with an improved power conversion efficiency of 0.62% for the Ag2BiI5 absorber. These results provide valuable insights
into the optimization of the solution processing technique to realize
low-toxicity and efficient perovskite solar cells.