Hierarchical porous carbonaceous materials via ionothermal carbonization of carbohydrates

Xie, Zailai; White, Robin J.; Weber, Jens; Taubert, Andreas; Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena

doi:10.1039/c1jm00013f

Cited by 141 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…The first observed broad peak at 2 20.158 o is (002) diffraction from amorphous carbon which is consistent with reports from other authors for amorphous carbon obtained by HTC [14]. Further peaks placed at 39.625°, 46.040°, 67.306°, 81.234° and 85.569° (see Figure 1 and Table 1) are associated to the (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) planes, respectively of the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline Pt.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Direct synthesis of noble metal nanostructures on carbon support by hydrothermal process

Kaluđerović¹,

Čokeša²,

Dodevski³

et al. 2015

Zas Mat

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Direct synthesis of noble metal nanostructures on carbon support by hydrothermal process

Kaluđerović¹,

Čokeša²,

Dodevski³

et al. 2015

Zas Mat

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“…[45][46][47] Using nitrogen-containing biomass related precursors and treating them hydrothermally yield nitrogencontaining carbonaceous materials that offer different possibilities for further treatments and applications. [48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Another approach is based on a study on the thermal stability of ionic liquids from 2006 in which the potential of nitrile functionalised ionic liquids is indicated, as they do not decompose completely to volatile products under an inert gas. 55 This led to profound and detailed studies on how these ionic liquids can be used as a nitrogen-doped carbon source, ranging from mechanistic and fundamental points of view [56][57][58][59][60] to more application oriented studies, as the derived materials are promising candidates, e.g.…”

Section: Synthetic Routes Towards N-doped Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications

Paraknowitsch

Thomas

2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

1,649

999

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Heteroatom doped carbon materials represent one of the most prominent families of materials that are used in energy related applications, such as fuel cells, batteries, hydrogen storage or supercapacitors. While doping carbons with nitrogen atoms has experienced great progress throughout the past decades and yielded promising material concepts, also other doping candidates have gained the researchers' interest in the last few years. Boron is already relatively widely studied, and as its electronic situation is contrary to the one of nitrogen, codoping carbons with both heteroatoms can probably create synergistic effects. Sulphur and phosphorus have just recently entered the world of carbon synthesis, but already the first studies published prove their potential, especially as electrocatalysts in the cathodic compartment of fuel cells. Due to their size and their electronegativity being lower than those of carbon, structural distortions and changes of the charge densities are induced in the carbon materials. This article is to give a state of the art update on the most recent developments concerning the advanced heteroatom doping of carbon that goes beyond nitrogen. Doped carbon materials and their applications in energy devices are discussed with respect to their boron-, sulphur-and phosphorus-doping. Broader contextThe research and design of novel materials that are applicable in various energy devices represent one of the central and most thriving subjects within today's scientic work. The challenges do not only rely on the tremendous need to overcome traditional fossil fuel based energy recovery. While a lot of sustainable concepts already exist, these require the development of high performance materials that are able to cope with certain challenges, e.g. the dependence on highly expensive and rather not abundantly available noble metals, and also a lack of long term stability of those. Researchers have been carrying out numerous studies concentrating on nding alternative materials that can be applied in novel energy devices. Those alternative materials should most preferably be free of noble metals, avoid expensive precursor systems, be sustainable and not rely on the fossil energy sources that are to be replaced, and of course exhibit high activity in the devices they are designed for. One class of materials in whose development and understanding researchers have put strong effort is heteroatom-doped carbon materials. By heteroatom doping the properties are altered compared to crude carbon materials. The by far most intensely studied doping candidate is nitrogen, capable of not only increasing electric conductivity, but also the catalytic activity of carbons. Such N-doped carbons have advanced tremendously in the past few years, especially by proving their usefulness as electrocatalysts for the reduction of oxygen in fuel cell cathodes, or as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Meanwhile the spectrum of doping has been widened, and novel doped carbons have been reported, indicating the promising pote...

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“…In 2010, other approach of the same research group gathered an ionic liquid with simple carbohydrates allowing to obtain carbon materials with a highly developed mesopore network after treatment at only 200°C during 20 h in a nonpressurized chamber [102]. Xie et al reported the synthesis of magnetic hierarchical porous carbons by using several carbohydrates and an iron containing ionic liquid, and the authors proposed that the ionic liquid has a triple role: salt template, solvent and catalyst [103].…”

Section: Ionothermal Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, there is still not a generally accepted terminology for these processes what turns difficult to understand the classifications and underlying procedures followed by the distinct authors. In fact, the use of ionothermal/molten salt process can be linked either to the preparation of carbon materials with incipient porosity obtained at temperatures ≈ 200°C (ionothermal carbonization-ITC) [102] or to the preparation of porous carbons by a two-step process including the previously mentioned ITC followed by a thermal treatment of the ionothermal derived carbon at high temperatures (attaining 1000°C or more) [103,104]. Ionothermal/molten salt process is also considered in the case where the mixture of the carbon precursor and the ionic solvent is directly thermally treated at high temperature [105,106].…”

Section: Ionothermal Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoporous Carbon Synthesis: An Old Story with Exciting New Chapters

Mestre¹,

Carvalho²

2018

Porosity - Process, Technologies and Applications

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Activated carbons are key materials in technological applications of multidisciplinary fields (e.g. adsorption, separation, and catalytic processes). The extensive use of these materials results from the combination of a well-developed pore network (micropores or micro + mesopores) along with the presence of heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur). The large scale production of nanoporous carbons is a well-established process since the first patents date from the beginning of the twentieth century. Conventional activation methodologies are divided between physical, using steam or CO 2 , and chemical, being KOH, ZnCl 2 , and H 3 PO 4 the most commonly reported oxidizing agents. Due to the panoply of operational parameters that can be changed or added in the production of activated carbons, there is still room for R&D. In this chapter, both conventional and innovative synthetic processes are reviewed to offer an up-to-date picture regarding raw materials, carbonization step, activation process, and other approaches. Conventional activation of gels and chars obtained by novel approaches (i.e. sol-gel method, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and acid-mediated carbonization) and more innovative strategies (i.e. variations of HTC process, carbonization of organic salts and ionothermal approaches) are addressed. Textural, surface chemistry and morphological properties of the derived porous carbons were reviewed and critically rationalized.

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Hierarchical porous carbonaceous materials via ionothermal carbonization of carbohydrates

Cited by 141 publications

References 56 publications

Direct synthesis of noble metal nanostructures on carbon support by hydrothermal process

Direct synthesis of noble metal nanostructures on carbon support by hydrothermal process

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications

Nanoporous Carbon Synthesis: An Old Story with Exciting New Chapters

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