Hierarchical nanoarchitectonics of ordered mesoporous carbon from lignin for high-performance supercapacitors

Lignocellulosic biomass-based materials: a promising resource for viable energy storage

“…[233][234][235] Its structure offers increased power output due to reduced gearbox resistance and shorter ion distance, while its active center provides greater electrochemical capacit. [236][237][238] Liang et al 236 synthesized the extremely thin nanosheets resembling graphene with wave-like wrinkles were easily created using a sustainable method that involved walnut shell lignin as a carbon source, Zn 2+ ions as a cross-linker, and KHCO 3 as a chemical activator through evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) and chemical activation. The ultra-thin graphene-like nanosheets, aer being calcined at 900 °C (LGLN 900 ), demonstrated a specic capacitance of 388 F g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 in a three-electrode system using a 6 M KOH aqueous solution.…”

Advancing mesoporous carbon synthesis for supercapacitors: a systematic investigation of cross-linking agent effects on pore structure and functionality

“…Notably, soft-templating synthesis has been proven to be more advantageous than hard-templating because (1) it avoids the use of corrosive NaOH or HF to remove template as required in the hard-templating route, (2) it is more tractable to tailor mesopore size, and (3) it is more capable of handling a wider range of carbon precursors, such as recalcitrant lignin from biomass. 6–12…”

“…, Ni 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , La 3+ , Ce 3+ ) through coordination reactions. 7,8,21,22 In the meanwhile, effort has also been put into exploring new synthesis procedures. 23 Liang et al .…”

“…Notably, soft-templating synthesis has been proven to be more advantageous than hardtemplating because (1) it avoids the use of corrosive NaOH or HF to remove template as required in the hard-templating route, (2) it is more tractable to tailor mesopore size, and (3) it is more capable of handling a wider range of carbon precursors, such as recalcitrant lignin from biomass. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] To date, soft-templating synthesis of MCs relies heavily on aromatic carbon precursors, particularly phenolic polymers/ resins that are derived from the cross-linking of phenolic monomers (e.g., phenol, resorcinol, and phloroglucinol). However, one of the key challenges during a soft-templating synthesis lies in realising an ideal polymerisation or cross-linking of the carbon precursor as both deficient and excessive cross-linking can hamper the formation of ordered mesoporous structures.…”

“…To address this challenge, various more sustainable cross-linkers have been reported, especially metallic ions (e.g., Ni 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , La 3+ , Ce 3+ ) through coordination reactions. 7,8,21,22 In the meanwhile, effort has also been put into exploring new synthesis procedures. 23 Liang et al 24 reported the synthesis of bimodal porous carbon monoliths by a dual phase separation process.…”