“…The advantages of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) successfully executing 4D (dull, dirty, dangerous, and deep) tasks have attracted wide attention in the defense industry (Choi et al, 2018;Hou et al, 2023). In the denied environments, the increasing potential threats severely threaten the safety of UAVs (Jia et al, 2022;Sun et al, 2015).…”