Hierarchical control structure in microgrids with distributed generation: Island and grid-connected mode

A Decentralized Multi-Agent-Based Approach for Low Voltage Microgrid Restoration

“…There are two kinds of control mode for operating the converters: (1) grid-forming mode and (2) grid-following mode [41]. The grid-forming converters emulate the behavior of a synchronous generator and provide the voltage and frequency references for the MG.…”

Evaluation of the hierarchical control of distributed Energy Storage Systems in islanded Microgrids based on Std IEC/ISO 62264

“…The hierarchical control approach is necessary in such a system in order to achieve an optimum control strategy. The definitions and responsibilities of each control level of the power electronic base sources are as follows [10,11]: The inner control loop manages the output power of the sources as a target of the control level; this is accomplished by the inner current and voltage control loop. The primary control feeds the inner current and voltage control loop by adjusting the reference value of the frequency and voltage.…”

Distributed cooperative control of battery energy storage system in AC microgrid applications

“…In both high and medium voltage systems, the impedance is almost inductive ðZ L ffd % jXÞ, so the resistive part can be negligible without creating any inaccuracy. However, due to the coupling of active and reactive power when inductance is not present, the implementation of this method can create a particular problem for low voltage systems [37]. Hence, unlike with HV and MV systems, the line impedance with low voltage is more resistive.…”

“…The frequency and voltage of the droop control for the systems can thus be determined as follows [37,38]: power, frequency, voltage and reactive power of the system, respectively. In this formula, the droop coefficients ðT PðsÞ ; T QðsÞ Þ represent the coordination between adjusting the voltage and the output power of inverter, as discussed later in Section 3.…”