Hierarchical Clique Structures

Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow

“…Since the 1940s structural analysts have questioned the binary approach (Festinger 1949;Levi-Strauss 1963;Hubbell 1965;Doreian 1969;Lorrain and White 1971;Alba 1973;Peay 1974Peay , 1980Seidman and Foster 1978;Yee 1980;Marsden and Laumann 1984;Yan 1988). The consensus is that binary representations fail to capture any of the important variability in strength displayed in actual interpersonal relationships.…”

Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Preadolescent Cliques

“…The fabric of their relationships with others, their levels and types of activity, their participation in friendships, and their feelings about themselves are tied to their involvement in, around, or outside the cliques organizing their social landscape. Cliques are basically friendship circles, encompassing a high likelihood that members will identify each other sociometrically as mutually connected (Hallinan 1979;Hubbell 1965;Peay 1974). Yet cliques are more than that: they have a hierarchical structure, being dominated by leaders, and are exclusive, so that not all individuals who desire membership are accepted.…”

Interactive clustering

“…Because they were nonmetric, these methods have wide applicability, since no assumptions must be made about the underlying distribution of the data or whether the data fall on an interval scale. Hubert (1974) and Peay (1974) have independently shown that the two methods proposed by Johnson (1967) are in fact two extremes of a continuum of such methods. Since there are pros and cons associated with both of the extreme methods, it seems reasonable to examine solutions that are in between.…”