Hierarchical and lamellar porous carbon as interconnected sulfur host and polysulfide-proof interlayer for Li–S batteries

Progress towards sustainable energy storage: A concise review

“…The polysulfide shuttling effect is a threat to the anode electrode capacity-the impact can lead to damage of the electrode, capacity reduction, and corrosion. 91 Therefore, a porous carbon interlayer inserted between the cathode (sulfur) and the separator has been shown to reduce the lithium-sulfur shutting effect. 92 In the comparison of carbon materials reinforced polyetherimide and zirconium oxide, Liu et al noted that the nanocomposite of graphene/zirconium oxide/polyetherimide improved the physiochemical stability and electrochemical performance of the lithium-sulfur battery.…”

“…The dissolvement of polysulfide in electrolyte during the active work of the battery usually results in the electrode volume expansion and loss of active material. The polysulfide shuttling effect is a threat to the anode electrode capacity—the impact can lead to damage of the electrode, capacity reduction, and corrosion 91 . Therefore, a porous carbon interlayer inserted between the cathode (sulfur) and the separator has been shown to reduce the lithium‐sulfur shutting effect 92 .…”

Highly efficient sulfur cathode built from biomass of hierarchical porous carbon for aqueous Cu–S batteries

“…1,2 Lithium-sulfur batteries are examples of rechargeable electrochemical batteries and have garnered considerable attention due to their excellent electrochemical performance and energy density. [3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the organic electrolyte that these batteries use is expensive, toxic, and flammable, which can lead to serious safety issues in some environments. Thus, the replacement of organic electrolyte with aqueous electrolyte in rechargeable batteries is necessary.…”

Ultrafast Strategy to Fabricate Sulfur Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

“…The treatment time and energy consumption of the thermal melting method are high. 19,20 The solvent physical precipitation method uses a large number of nonpolar organic solvents (such as CS 2 ), with the disadvantages of high cost, environmental pollution, and limited sulfur loading. 21,22 The chemical synthesis method is usually complicated and has low sulfur loading, and it is not suitable for industrial applications due to producing H 2 S and other toxic pollutants.…”

“…Lithium–sulfur batteries have attracted tremendous attention because of their outstanding gravimetric energy density (∼2600 Wh kg –1 ), low price, abundant resources, and compatibility with the environment. − However, a series of challenges need to be tackled before achieving the widespread application of lithium–sulfur batteries, such as the intrinsic electric insulativity of discharge–charge production, the shuttling effect, and the sluggish kinetics of solid–liquid conversion. − To address the above difficulties, the amounts of multifunctional materials with prominent adsorption and catalytic activity have been explored to regard as hosts of sulfur. − Usually, as shown in Figure S1 (Supporting Information), due to the low melting point (115 °C) and boiling point (444 °C) of sulfur, the preparation method of sulfur cathode materials is that carrier materials are first synthesized, and then sulfur and carrier materials are compounded through physical or chemical methods. − However, the above methods have their limitations. The treatment time and energy consumption of the thermal melting method are high. , The solvent physical precipitation method uses a large number of nonpolar organic solvents (such as CS 2 ), with the disadvantages of high cost, environmental pollution, and limited sulfur loading. , The chemical synthesis method is usually complicated and has low sulfur loading, and it is not suitable for industrial applications due to producing H 2 S and other toxic pollutants. Li 2 S as the cathode material of lithium–sulfur batteries can effectively solve the volume expansion problem of the electrode material during the cycle; however, Li 2 S is very sensitive to air and prone to produce H 2 S toxic gas. , Therefore, it is still the mainstream method to use sulfur as the active material for lithium–sulfur batteries.…”