Hidradenitis suppurativa: A review of available immunotherapeutic agents and advancement in treatment

New treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum and hidradenitis suppurativa: A review

“…Etanercept (ETA) is a recombinant fusion protein that targets TNF‐α. Notably, ETA inhibits only the transmembrane form of TNF‐α, unlike other treatments that target both soluble and transmembrane forms 17,24 . In previous studies, etanercept led to complete healing in 53%–61% of patients 35,40 .…”

“…Adalimumab (ADA) is a human‐derived monoclonal antibody that targets both soluble and membrane‐bound TNF‐α. Through inhibiting the actions of TNF‐α, ADA enhances the innate immune response by diminishing the concentrations of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory white blood cells 17,24 . Notably, ADA stands out as the sole treatment for HS endorsed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).…”

“…Ustekinumab is grounded in the hypothesis that the inflammatory processes in HS might be linked to disrupted Notch signaling 17,61 . It is postulated that anomalies in Notch signaling can cause aberrant differentiation and heightened destruction of outer hair root sheath cells.…”

“…The signature abscesses and deep lesions of HS frequently evolve into draining sinus tracts. Over time, due to dermal fibrosis and subsequent healing, these tracts can induce skin deformities and contractures 16,17 HS has a notable prevalence, with estimates suggesting it affects 1%-4% of the Western population. 18 The exact pathogenesis of HS remains elusive.…”

“…Through inhibiting the actions of TNF-α, ADA enhances the innate immune response by diminishing the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory white blood cells. 17,24 Notably, ADA stands out as the sole treatment for HS endorsed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A recent review revealed that 75% of patients on adalimumab experienced full resolution of PG.…”