Hiding in plain sight: discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) in wolverine (Gulo gulo)

Sharma, Ramesh K.; Thompson, Peter C.; Hoberg, Eric P.; Scandrett, W. Brad; Konecsni, Kelly; Harms, N. Jane; Kukka, Piia M.; Jung, Thomas S.; Elkin, Brett; Mulders, Robert; Larter, Nicholas C.; Branigan, Marsha; Pongracz, Jodie; Wagner, Brent; Kafle, Pratap; Lobanov, Vladislav A.; Rosenthal, Benjamin M.; Jenkins, Emily J.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.003

Cited by 61 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…From the mid-19th century up to recent years, there have been numerous investigations on the biology and epidemiology of these zoonotic nematodes in swine. Of the 13 known taxa of the genus Trichinella, as many as seven (Trichinella spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi, T. pseudospiralis, T. nelsoni, T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis) have been detected in naturally or experimentally infected swine, with varying levels of both infectivity and persistence [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. For this reason, the domestic pig has been the subject of numerous studies since the 19th century [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs

et al. 2020

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Background Domesticated and wild swine play an important role as reservoir hosts of Trichinella spp. and a source of infection for humans. Little is known about the survival of Trichinella larvae in muscles and the duration of anti-Trichinella antibodies in pigs with long-lasting infections. Methods Sixty pigs were divided into three groups of 20 animals and infected with 10,000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi or Trichinella pseudospiralis. Four pigs from each group were sacrificed at 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-infection (p.i.) and the number of larvae per gram (LPG) of muscles was calculated. Serum samples were tested by ELISA and western blot using excretory/secretory (ES) and crude antigens. Results Trichinella spiralis showed the highest infectivity and immunogenicity in pigs and larvae survived in pig muscles for up to 2 years p.i. In these pigs, the IgG level significantly increased at 30 days p.i. and reached a peak at about 60 days p.i., remaining stable until the end of the experiment. In T. britovi-infected pigs, LPG was about 70 times lower than for T. spiralis at 2 months p.i. and only very few infecting larvae were detected at 6 months p.i., whereas no larvae were detected at 12, 18 and 24 months p.i. At 6 months p.i., degenerated/calcified larvae and cysts were detected in the muscles by trichinoscopy and histology. The IgG pattern showed by T. britovi-infected pigs was similar to that of T. spiralis-infected pigs, although seroconversion occurred some days later. The larval burden of T. pseudospiralis was slightly greater than for T. britovi at 2 months p.i., but no larvae were detected at 6 and 12 months p.i. In T. pseudospiralis-infected pigs, seroconversion occurred slowly, as in T. britovi-infected pigs. The IgG level showed a significant drop at 6 months p.i. and declining to the cut-off value at 12 months p.i. Conclusions The longer survival of T. spiralis in pigs in comparison with the other two species highlights its exceptional dissemination potential. These results provide an explanation of the controversial data collected by parasitological and serological tools in the course of epidemiological investigations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs

et al. 2020

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“…Trichinella circulates among carnivore and omnivore vertebrates and in both the domestic (encompassing mainly pigs, rats, dogs and cats) and the sylvatic environments (encompassing free-range vertebrates); which can be connected by invasive rats and other synanthropic animals [11]. At present, there are 10 recognized species of Trichinella around the world, as well as three genotypes that have not yet been demonstrated to be distinct species [1,12]. Since most Trichinella species infect only mammals, the sylvatic cycle encompasses mainly mammal hosts [13,14], including marine mammals [9,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichinella in Wildlife in Chile With the First Record in Leopardus Guigna and Galictis Cuja

Echeverry

Henríquez

González‐Acuña

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Trichinellosis is a worldwide distributed disease caused by Trichinella species and also considered neglected and emerging. Trichinella spp. are transmitted by predation or carrion consumption and present a domestic and a sylvatic cycle. Human trichinellosis occurs due to the consumption of raw or poorly cooked infected meat, mainly associated with the household slaughter of pigs without veterinary inspection, a cultural practice that is difficult to resolve. Therefore, the knowledge of the reservoir of this parasite is relevant. Methods: The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Trichinella sp. in several carnivore and omnivore vertebrates in Central-Southern Chile. A total of 61 animals, either found run over or that died in rescue/rehabilitation centers, encompassing 15 species, were examined by artificial digestion for detection of Trichinella larvae, and larvae were molecularly analyzed to identify the species. Results: Trichinella larvae were found in a Leopardus guigna and a Galictis cuja. Only those of L. guigna could be identified as Trichinella spiralis. Conclusions: This is the first record of Trichinella in a native mustelid of South America and the first record of T. spiralis in L. guigna. These results increase the number of hosts, enhancing the need to identify the role of these animals in the reservoir for humans, and highlighting the priority that the study of the rural-sylvatic interphase represents.

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“…Currently, there are 13 genotypes of Trichinella around the world, 10 of which are recognized as different species [1,7]. In South America, Trichinella has been detected in Brazil, Ecuador (via antibody detection), Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile (via larvae isolation), and most studies have focused on the domestic cycle;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and geographic analysis of human trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

Landaeta‐Aqueveque

Ayala

Poblete-Toledo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk, as well as to analyze the temporal fluctuation in the incidence rates in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964–2019, as well as geographical data from 2010–2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey–Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag–York–Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman’s correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 105 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the Araucanía region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not an (re)emerging disease in Chile, but local conditions must be further studied to identify the factors favoring the presence of outbreaks in some communes, particularly in Araucanía.

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Hiding in plain sight: discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) in wolverine (Gulo gulo)

Cited by 61 publications

References 50 publications

Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs

Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs

Trichinella in Wildlife in Chile With the First Record in Leopardus Guigna and Galictis Cuja

Temporal and geographic analysis of human trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

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