“…These fluctuations can have a significant impact on our cognitive functioning, but they are often overlooked or simplified in traditional models of cognition. And while these often assume cognitive processes to be stable and time-invariant, there has been a growing recognition that traditional models do not fully capture the complexity and variability of real-world cognition (Beer, 2023;Cochrane et al, 2023;Evans & Brown, 2017;Gunawan et al, 2022;Kucharský et al, 2021;Li et al, 2023;. Common approaches to address variability in the components of cognitive models can be broadly classified into four categories: stationary variability, trial binning, regression approach, and frontend-backend models.…”