“…Other studies, e.g., Quick Matching [26], Multistage Matching [27], and SnapNet [29] consider more factors including the speed constraint, road level, and vehicle heading. With regard to transition probability calculation, to consider temporal relationship of different points, some factors such as speed constraint and free-flow travel time are considered in several studies [23,25,28,30,31]. To consider spatial relationship, some factors are included such as the difference between great-circle distance and route distance [24,28,29,31], difference between vehicle's heading change and road segments' heading change [27], and same road priority [29].…”