Hidden Fungi, Emergent Properties: Endophytes and Microbiomes

Porras-Alfaro, Andrea; Bayman, Paul

doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081831

Cited by 743 publications

(472 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(201 reference statements)

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“…Botryosphaeria dothidea, N. parvum, N. kwambonambiense, T. africana and D. pseudoseriata were found only on one host in this study. This could be interpreted as host specificity, as has been postulated for other endophytes (Cohen 2004(Cohen , 2006Porras-Alfaro and Bayman 2011;Zhou and Hyde 2001). Some Botryosphaeriaceae species are also thought to have some level of host preference, such as D. pinea, D. scrobiculata and D. cupressi that are found predominantly on certain conifers De Wet et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Botryosphaeriaceae species overlap on four unrelated, native South African hosts

et al. 2014

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The Botryosphaeriaceae represents an important and diverse family of latent fungal pathogens of woody plants. While some species appear to have wide host ranges, others are reported only from single hosts. It is, however, not clear whether apparently narrow host ranges reflect specificity or if this is an artifact of sampling. We address this question by sampling leaves and branches of native South African trees from four different families, including Acacia karroo (Fabaceae), Celtis africana (Cannabaceae), Searsia lancea (Anacardiaceae) and Gymnosporia buxifolia (Celastraceae). As part of this process, two new species of the Botryosphaeriaceae, namely Tiarosporella africana sp. nov. and Aplosporella javeedii sp. nov., emerged from sequence comparisons based on the ITS rDNA, TEF-1α, β-tubulin and LSU rDNA gene regions. An additional five known species were identified including Neofusicoccum parvum, N. kwambonambiense, Spencermartinsia viticola, Diplodia pseudoseriata and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Despite extensive sampling of the trees, some of these species were not isolated on many of the hosts as was expected. For example, B. dothidea, which is known to have a broad host range but was found only on A. karroo. This could have resulted from the fact that it is a rare species in the region. With the exception of S. lancea, which was infected by A. javeedii all the hosts were infected by more than one Botryosphaeriaceae species. Collectively, the results suggest that some intrinsic host factors, possibly combined with local environmental conditions, affect the distribution and co-infectivity of various hosts by the Botryosphaeriaceae. 2This would counteract the general ability of a species in the Botryosphaeriaceae to infect a broad range of plants. The combination of host and environmental factors might also explain why some Botryosphaeriaceae with apparently broad host ranges, are found on different suites of hosts in different areas of the world.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Botryosphaeriaceae species overlap on four unrelated, native South African hosts

et al. 2014

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“…They are spread across Ascomycota but were not detected in Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina, the most outlying lineages of Pezizomycotina (Figure 1), or outside of Ascomycota in for example its Dikarya sister group, the Basidiomycota. Some other authors have indicated that, to date, only a small fraction of all endophytes have been detected (Anderson and Cairney 2004; Porras-alfaro and Bayman 2011; Weiss et al 2011). The methods to rapidly detect them have only recently emerged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes

et al. 2015

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Endophytes associated with crops have potential as beneficial inoculants in agriculture, but little is known about their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. We carried out the first ever ecological and phylogenetic survey of the culturable fungal root endophytes of a wild barley species. Fungal root endophytes were isolated from 10 populations of wall barley (Hordeum murinum), and 112 taxa of fungi were identified based on internal transcribed spacer sequence similarity. We found representatives from 8 orders, 12 families and 18 genera. Within this group, only 34 isolates (30% of the total) could be confidently assigned to a species, and 23 of the isolates (21% of the total) had no significant match to anything deposited in GenBank (based on <85% sequence similarity). These results suggest a high proportion of novel fungi, with 28% not assigned to a known fungal order. This includes three endophytes that have been shown to significantly improve agronomic traits in cultivated barley. This study has, therefore, revealed a profound diversity of fungal root endophytes in a single wild relative of barley. Extrapolating from this, the study highlights the largely unknown, hugely diverse and potentially useful resource of crop wild relative endophytes.

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“…Fungal mutualists confer a wide range of benefits to their hosts (Porras-Alfaro & Bayman, 2011), including enhanced host disease resistance (Djonović et al, 2007;Pozo & Azcó nAguilar, 2007;Viterbo et al, 2007), drought tolerance (Hause & Fester, 2005), improved nutrient uptake and Trichoderma NRPSs growth (Balestrini & Lanfranco, 2006;Martin et al, 2007;Chacó n et al, 2007), and protection against invertebrate and vertebrate herbivory (Clay & Schardl, 2002). The expression of induced defences is mediated by complex signalling networks in which the plant hormones JA and SA play key roles (Smith et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in Trichoderma virens reveals a polyketide synthase (PKS)/NRPS hybrid enzyme involved in the induced systemic resistance response in maize

et al. 2012

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Trichoderma virens genome harbours genes encoding 22 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) with at least one complete module (containing adenylation, thiolation and condensation domains) and four PKS/NRPS (polyketide synthase/NRPS) hybrid enzymes. After a primary screen for expression of these 26 genes when mycelia of T. virens are in contact with maize roots, seven genes that are upregulated were selected for further study. Using homologous recombination, loss-of-function mutants in six of these were obtained (the seventh, tex2, was acquired from our previous studies). Plant assays in a hydroponics system revealed that all seven mutants retained the ability to internally colonize maize roots. However, a mutation in one of the PKS/NRPS hybrid genes impaired the ability of T. virens to induce the defence response gene pal (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), suggesting a putative role for the associated metabolite product in induced systemic resistance. Interestingly, the mutant retained its ability to induce another defence response gene aos (allene oxide synthase). We thus provide evidence that a PKS/NRPS hybrid enzyme is involved in Trichoderma-plant interactions resulting in induction of defence responses.

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Hidden Fungi, Emergent Properties: Endophytes and Microbiomes

Cited by 743 publications

References 165 publications

Botryosphaeriaceae species overlap on four unrelated, native South African hosts

Botryosphaeriaceae species overlap on four unrelated, native South African hosts

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes

Functional analysis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in Trichoderma virens reveals a polyketide synthase (PKS)/NRPS hybrid enzyme involved in the induced systemic resistance response in maize

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