Abstract:Premise of the studyUnderstanding establishment and spread of non‐native plants is important in the face of a homogenizing global flora. While many studies focus on successful, invasive species, fewer have studied failed plant introductions. Until the early 1900s, large quantities of ship ballast, often containing foreign plant propagules, were deposited in New Jersey (USA) via shipping trade. The resulting ballast flora is documented in extensive herbarium records, providing us a unique opportunity to analyze… Show more
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