Hexamethylene bisacetamide stimulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences in rat and human fibroblasts

Hexamethylbisacetamide Remodels the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Promoter and Induces Tat-Independent HIV-1 Expression but Blunts Cell Activation

“…HMBA also activates expression of the LTR in the absence of Tat in cells stably transfected with LTR-reporter gene constructs (66,81).…”

“…In a teratocarcinoma cell line, Zeichner and colleagues found evidence that factors binding to sites located at the HIV core promoter and enhancer played a role in the HIV LTR response to HMBA (47,81).…”

“…HMBA is known to activate HIV expression in chronically infected cell lines (3,62,74) and in cell lines stably transfected with long terminal repeat (LTR)-reporter gene constructs (66,81). While HMBA is structurally related to HDAC inhibitors, it does not inhibit HDACs or induce histone hyperacetylation (56).…”

Characterisation, Evaluation and Clinical Significance of Latent HIV-1 Reservoirs and Therapeutic Strategies for HIV Eradication

“…Byrostatin-1 downregulates CD4 and CXCR4 and was thus able to prevent de novo HIV infection [192]. Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) can also induce the expression of the HIV-LTR, through the modulation of PKC, in rat and human fibroblasts [169] by modulating the PI3-K signalling cascade [170]. It downregulates CD4 expression, thus preventing new rounds of de novo infection and propagation in PBMC cell cultures [171] and is well tolerated in phase II clinical trials, despite being tested as a potential anti-cancer drug [172].…”

Human Lung, Bladder and Head and Neck Tumors as Compared to Their Adjacent Normal-Tissues Have Elevated Ap-1 Activity and Recognize Sequence Elements of Hiv-1 LTR

“…Human and viral proteins (4)(5)(6) and the oncoprotein ras p21 (7) may contribute to the transition of HIV-1 from the latent stage to the infectious state. Different biological response modifiers (insulin, epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor) (8,9), hormones (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone) (8) and antitumor drugs (ci's-platin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, hexamethylene bisacetamide and mitomycin C as opposed to carboplatin) (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), increase the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase expression from the HIV-1 LTR sequence in human and rat fibroblasts.…”