Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine Translocation in Poplar Trees

Thompson, Phillip; Ramer, Liz A.; Schnoor, Jerald L.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0279:htttip>2.3.co;2

Cited by 19 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…1998;Epstein et al . 1999; Thompson, Ramer & Schnoor 1999), possibly via ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters (Mäser et al . 2001) or other transport mechanisms, do not exclude the possibility of ferrocyanide transport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and metabolism of free cyanide and iron cyanide complexes by willow

Ebbs

Bushey

Poston

et al. 2003

Plant Cell & Environment

104

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Cyanide compounds are contaminants of growing importance that could be remediated biologically via phytoremediation, provided the plants possess suitable mechanisms for managing these pollutants without toxicity. The transport and metabolism of two cyanide compounds, potassium cyanide and potassium ferrocyanide, by willow ( Salix eriocephala L. var. Michaux) were compared using a hydroponic system that preserved cyanide speciation and solubility. The cyanide compounds were labelled with 15 N to quantify transport while a novel tissue extraction procedure was used to relate tissue 15 N to cyanide content and speciation. These analyses revealed that although little free cyanide was detected in the aerial tissues of plants exposed to either of these two cyanide compounds, significant enrichments in 15 N were observed, suggesting transport and subsequent metabolism of free cyanide as well as ferrocyanide. The results for ferrocyanide are of interest because this molecule is resistant to microbial degradation and if oxidized to ferricyanide is purportedly membrane impermeable. Nevertheless, these results and mass balance calculations for tissue 15 N and solution cyanide confirming 100% recovery for the added ferrocyanide are suggestive of ferrocyanide uptake and metabolism. This study provides new information describing the biological transport and metabolism of these two cyanide compounds in plants. Moreover, the data also suggest that phytoremediation of cyanide may be possible and ecologically safe due to the lack of cyanide bioaccumulation in aerial tissues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and metabolism of free cyanide and iron cyanide complexes by willow

Ebbs

Bushey

Poston

et al. 2003

Plant Cell & Environment

104

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“…Poplar trees have been shown to take up explosives in both laboratory and field studies (Figure 2-5) ( Thompson et al, 1998b;Thompson et al, 1998aThompson et al, , 1999Yoon et al, 2002;Mezzari et al, 2004;Van Aken et al, 2004). Laboratory phytoremediation of explosives have shown that TNT tends to accumulate in the roots, RDX in the shoots and leaves and HMX accumulates more slowly in the shoots and leaves.…”

Section: Poplar Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybrid poplars, such as Populus deltoides x nigra, DN34, are considered ideal plants for phytoremediation of large quantities of explosives in soil and water. Hybrid poplars have been shown to take up and biotransform explosives in both laboratory and field studies (Thompson et al, 1998b;Thompson et al, 1998aThompson et al, , 1999Yoon et al, 2002;Mezzari et al, 2004;Van Aken et al, 2004 (Hughes et al, 1997, Nepovim et al, 2004.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicogenomic evaluation of hybrid poplar tree phytoremediation of nitro-substituted explosives

Flokstra¹

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Poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) tissue cultures removed 2,4,6trinitrotoluene (TNT) from an aqueous solution in five days, reducing the toxicity of the solution from highly toxic Microtox® EC value to that of the control. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) was taken up by the plant tissue cultures more slowly, but toxicity reduction of the solution was evident. The measurement of toxicity reduction of aqueous solutions containing TNT and RDX was performed using a novel methodology developed for use with the Microtox® testing system. Radiolabeled TNT and RDX were used to confirm removal of explosives from hydroponic solutions containing plant tissue cultures and to verify that toxicity did not change in solutions where no plant cultures were present (positive controls). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) andLiquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) measurements confirmed removal of TNT and RDX from solutions containing poplar plant tissue cultures and constancy of the plant-free controls. In addition, metabolites were identified in remediated solutions by HPLC, confirming the mechanism by which plants can remediate groundwater, surface water, and soil solutions.Using an Affymetrix® microarray, poplar trees were exposed to TNT over 48 hours. General patterns, as well as significant downregulated and upregulated genes were studied. We identified several new genes that were implicated in the detoxification and metabolism of TNT by Populus. In particular, our results support the "green liver" model of different gene families being expressed during the time course experiments. This suggests an alignment with Phase I transformation, Phase II conjugation, and Phase III compartmentation processes. Many of the genes identified in this study were related to those significantly expressed in previous Arabidopsis studies, supporting the comparison between these two plants. Gene families represented as significant in this study were glucosyltransferases, glycosyltransferases, cytochromes, and phosphofructokinases. We saw patterns in the areas of respiration, citric acid cycle, shikimatic pathway, and toxic responses.Abstract Approved: ____________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________

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“…6 Alternatively, in situ bioremediation is potentially less expensive, and biotic systems have been used to remediate legacy explosives such as TNT and RDX. 6,11,12,15,16,83,84,96,97,120,121 One biotic remediation approach, phytoremediation, is the use of plants to metabolize or even sequester harmful chemicals irreversibly into biomass. 122 When exposed to organic contaminants, plants may metabolize the compound following the conceptual framework called the "green liver" model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybrid poplar trees have been the most studied organisms for phytoremediation of explosives due to high growth rates and extensive root systems for trapping and pumping contaminated water. [10][11][12][13][14] Arabidopsis thaliana has been engineered to contain an RDX-degrading cytochrome P450, which enhanced phytoremediation of RDX contaminated soil and decreased phytotoxicity of the explosive. 15 Glucotransferases and glutathione transferases in Arabidopsis have also been shown to detoxify TNT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation and photolysis of 2,4-dinitroanisole, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, and nitroguanidine

Schroer¹

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Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine Translocation in Poplar Trees

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Transport and metabolism of free cyanide and iron cyanide complexes by willow

Transport and metabolism of free cyanide and iron cyanide complexes by willow

Ecotoxicogenomic evaluation of hybrid poplar tree phytoremediation of nitro-substituted explosives

Biotransformation and photolysis of 2,4-dinitroanisole, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, and nitroguanidine

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