HetNets Powered by Renewable Energy Sources: Sustainable Next-Generation Cellular Networks

Piro, Giuseppe; Miozzo, Marco; Forte, Giuseppe; Baldo, Nicola; Grieco, L. A.; Boggia, Gennaro; Dini, Paolo

doi:10.1109/mic.2012.124

Cited by 151 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This is mainly due to the trend of densification in RAN leading to many base stations with low transmission power requirements. This, in turn, results in lower init ial investment for in itial site access and harvesting hardware, that lead to low OPEx in the long term [15]. This trend is valid regardless of the different architectures , such as ultra-dense HetNets having standalone low power p ico/femto cells, CRAN with RRHs for a very small area coverage or FRAN, which combines RRHs and standalone low power BSs or edge devices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This trend is valid regardless of the different architectures , such as ultra-dense HetNets having standalone low power p ico/femto cells, CRAN with RRHs for a very small area coverage or FRAN, which combines RRHs and standalone low power BSs or edge devices. Therefore, the interest to partially or completely power BSs with energy harvesters is increasing [15]. The benefits of powering BSs with energy harvesters is not only lower OPEx, but also reduction of CO2 emissions [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the interest to partially or completely power BSs with energy harvesters is increasing [15]. The benefits of powering BSs with energy harvesters is not only lower OPEx, but also reduction of CO2 emissions [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To summarize the trends of EH in RAN, hybrid and selfpowered BSs with the aim of grid-consumption reduction in HetNets are studied in [15] [56] [57]. Moreover, [61] [62] study the potential of EHBSs as players in smart grid architectures opening a new frontier of revenues for mobile network operators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HetNet is an architecture that supports several base station co-existence in cellular networks each having their own parameters such as transmission power and coverage area [15]. HetNets were primary adopted as a means to enhance the capacity of cellular networks in areas of high traffic loads, such as indoor and areas of coverage holes around cell edges.…”

Section: A Network Densificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Softwarization and Optimization for Sustainable Future Mobile Networks: A Survey

2017

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Abstract--Due to the tremendous growth in mobile data traffic, cellular networks are witnessing architectural evolutions. Future cellular networks are expected to be extremely dense and complex systems, supporting a high variety of end-devices (e.g., smartphone, sensors, machines) with very diverse QoS requirements. S uch amount of network and end-user devices will consume a high percentage of electricity from the power grid to operate, thus increasing the carbon footprint and the operational expenditures of mobile operators. Therefore, environmental and economical sustainability have been included in the roadmap towards a proper design of the next-generation cellular system. This paper focuses on softwarization paradigm, energy harvesting technologies and optimization tools as enablers of future cellular networks for achieving diverse system requirements, including energy saving. The paper surveys the state-of-the-art literatures embedding softwarization paradigm in densely deployed Radio Access Network (RAN). In addition, the need for energy harvesting technologies in densified RAN is provided with the review of the state-of-the-art proposals on the interaction between softwarization and e nergy harvesting technology. Moreover, the role of optimization tools, such as machine learning, in future RAN with densification paradigm is stated. We have classified available literature that balances these three pillars namely, softwarization, energy harvesting and optimization with densification, being a common RAN deployment trend. Open issues that require further research efforts are also included.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Network Densificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Softwarization and Optimization for Sustainable Future Mobile Networks: A Survey

2017

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2017

Green Mobile Networks

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Energy management strategies for base stations in a smart grid environment

Leithon

Sun

Lim

2014

Trans. Emerging Tel. Tech.

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In this paper, we propose an optimal energy management strategy that minimises the energy bill incurred by cellular base stations (CBSs) in a smart grid environment. The CBS can harvest renewable energy for local use and is equipped with a limited‐capacity battery that is subject to charging and discharging losses. Because the proposed optimal strategy requires non‐causal information and hence cannot be implemented online, we propose an estimation‐based strategy that only requires causal knowledge of the renewable energy generation and the energy consumption at the CBS. Through simulations, we show that the proposed online estimation‐based strategy has only a small performance gap from the optimal offline strategy. Additionally, we derive and verify three analytical results: an upper bound for the optimal cost, the critical battery capacity, above which no further cost reduction can be achieved, and the conditions on the energy price profile, which ensure that the savings can outweigh both the operational and the per‐cycle battery costs. These analytical results can be used as guidelines in designing energy storage systems for CBSs in a smart grid environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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HetNets Powered by Renewable Energy Sources: Sustainable Next-Generation Cellular Networks

Cited by 151 publications

References 8 publications

Softwarization and Optimization for Sustainable Future Mobile Networks: A Survey

Softwarization and Optimization for Sustainable Future Mobile Networks: A Survey

References

Energy management strategies for base stations in a smart grid environment

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