Heterotransplantation of mixed mesodermal tumor cells in nude mouse—Histology of metastatic foci

Prognoses and Prognostic Factors of Carcinosarcoma, Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma and Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Comparison with Uterine Endometrial Adenocarcinoma

“…Indeed, the pattern of X chromosome activation present in microdissected epithelial and stromal components [39, 40], and the pattern of polymorphic microsatellite markers [41] indicate that most of these tumors are monoclonal. Finally, cell culture and heterotransplantation studies using cell lines established from patients with uterine CS also support the monoclonal theory of histogenesis [42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. These epidemiological, immunohistochemical and molecular data, together with our clinical data, suggest that the carcinomatous component of CS is dominant, akin to aggressive endometrial adenocarcinoma.…”

Uterine carcinosarcoma is derived from a single stem cell: Anin vitro study

“…These cells appeared to represent transitional forms between the epithelial and stromal components. Tissue culture and heterotransplantation studies have shown that, when cells isolated from ovarian and uterine carcinosarcomas are cultured, they can differentiate along epithelial and stromal lines and, when transplanted into experimental animals, can produce metastases exhibiting both elements (Ishiwata et al, 1987;Masuda et al, 1987). Malignant epithelial cells were capable of transforming into cells with a stromal phenotype in vivo, whereas the reverse did not occur (Masuda et al, 1987).…”

“…Studies based on clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses have suggested that carcinosarcomas could represent biphasic (metaplastic) carcinomas (De Brito et al, 1993). A common stem-cell precursor, presumably multipotential, of the epithelial and stromal components (monophasic or combination theory) has been proposed in the light of results of tissue culture (Emoto et al, 1993;Gorai et al, 1993;Masuda et al, 1987), heterotransplantation (Ishiwata et al, 1987) and of ultrastructural (Silverberg et al, 1971) and immunohistochemical (Auerbach et al, 1988;George et al, 1991) studies.…”

Establishment and Characterization of a Cell Line, MT-213-VGH, Isolated from a Mixed Müllerian Tumor of the Uterus

“…Malignant osteoid and fat occasionally are present. 1,2,8 These tumors were previously considered to originate in the mesoderm of the müllerian duct 5 ; however, recent work has shown that they are more probably epithelial tumors. [12][13][14] The first in vitro study of human carcinosarcoma of the uterus was reported by Rubin in 1959.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] MMMT are rare tumors [2][3][4][5][6] and the most lethal disease among gynecologic malignancies. 6 The vast majority of MMMTs originate in the uterine corpus [5][6][7][8] ; nevertheless, they have also been discovered in other organs of the female genitalia, such as the ovaries, 2,3,9 fallopian tubes 10 and cervix. 11 The epithelial component may be any type of müllerian carcinoma, with endometrioid-type adenocarcinoma the most common.…”