Heterosporis anguillarum Infection in a Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Richter, Barbara; Graner, I.; Csokai, Jacqueline

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.07.009

Cited by 12 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The recent study by Richter et al. () is the only one that included electron microscopy and molecular analysis. It demonstrated that microsporidiosis in a Garter Snake affected primarily muscles and was caused by Heterosporis anguillarum (Hoshina) (Lom et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Establishing a New SpeciesEncephalitozoon pogonaefor the Microsporidian Parasite of Inland Bearded DragonPogona vitticepsAhl 1927 (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae)

Sokolova

Sakaguchi

Paulsen

2016

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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The microsporidium parasitizing Inland Bearded Dragons Pogona vitticeps, and developing primarily in macrophages within foci of granulomatous inflammation of different organs, is described as a new species Encephalitozoon pogonae. Establishing the new species was based on sequencing the ITS-SSUrDNA region of the ribosomal gene and consequent SSUrDNA-inferred phylogenetic analyses, as well as on comparison of pathogenesis, host specificity, and ultrastructure among Encephalitozoon species and isolates. The new species is closely related to E. lacertae and E. cuniculi. Analysis of the literature suggests that this microsporidium has been reported previously as an unidentified microsporidian species or isolate of E. cuniculi and may represent a common infection in bearded dragons. All stages of E. pogonae develop in parasitophorous vacuoles. Uninucleate spores on methanol-fixed smears measured 2.1 × 1.1 μm, range 1.7-2.6 × 0.9-1.7 μm; on ultrathin sections spores measured 0.8-1.1 × 1.8-2.2 μm. Ultrastructural study revealed 3-6 polar filament coils, a mushroom-shaped polar disk, and a polar sac embracing half of the volume occupied by the lamellar polaroplast. In activated spores, polar filament everted eccentrically. The overall morphology and intracellular development of E. pogonae were similar to other Encepahalitozoon spp. We also review the existing data on microsporidia infecting reptiles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), “cysts” (Guyenot and Naville ), or “sporophorocysts” (Richter et al. ) with multiple (16–100) spores, characteristic for genera Pleistophora and Heterosporis (Kent et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a New SpeciesEncephalitozoon pogonaefor the Microsporidian Parasite of Inland Bearded DragonPogona vitticepsAhl 1927 (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae)

Sokolova

Sakaguchi

Paulsen

2016

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…9,11 Spontaneous cases have occurred in tuataras, snakes, skinks, bearded dragons, water dragons, and geckos. 4,[9][10][11]14 Cases in chelonians (turtles or tortoises) have not yet been described. 4,9 Lizards, skinks, and bearded dragons infected with Encephalitozoon spp or morphologically similar microsporidia have been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microsporidiosis in Four Tortoises (Testudo hermanni boettgeri)

Eydner

Donhauser²,

Beineke

et al. 2017

Vet Pathol

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming fungi. A wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts can be infected; however, cases of infected turtles or tortoises have not yet been described. This is the first description of 4 cases in tortoises ( Testudo spp), which showed general signs of illness as well as intestinal and respiratory signs until death occurred or they were euthanized. Granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation was visible in the lung and liver. Fungal organisms were present in heart blood, lung, liver, and intestine. Because of their morphology, staining properties (eg, positive in periodic acid-Schiff and silver reaction), and electron microscopic appearance, they were classified as microsporidia.

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“…Documentation of microsporidians in reptiles is limited and only a few publications are available describing macrospore and microspore morphology and sequence data 221,222 . Published reports in reptiles include infections with Heterosporis anguillarum (host species: Thamnophis sirtalis) 222,223 , Pleistophora atretii (host species: Atretium schistosum gunther) 224 , Encephalitozoon lacertae (host species: Podarcis muralis and Mabuya perrotetii) 221,225 , Glugea danilewski (host species: Natrix natrix) 226 , Pleistophora sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Published reports in reptiles include infections with Heterosporis anguillarum (host species: Thamnophis sirtalis) 222,223 , Pleistophora atretii (host species: Atretium schistosum gunther) 224 , Encephalitozoon lacertae (host species: Podarcis muralis and Mabuya perrotetii) 221,225 , Glugea danilewski (host species: Natrix natrix) 226 , Pleistophora sp. (host species: Sphenodon punctatus) 227 and an unidentified microsporidian species (host species: Pogona vitticeps) 228 .…”

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confidence: 99%

An investigation into the stranding of Australian sea snakes

Gillett¹

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Strandings of marine animals are a regular occurrence both on Australian and international beaches and provide an opportunity for gathering data on the anatomy, health, and ecology of many oceandwelling species that might be unattainable otherwise. Analysis of stranding data has revealed many important diseases, anthropogenic injuries (primarily as a result of commercial or recreational fishing and boating) and other potential threats in a number of marine species. As such, stranding information is important to include when evaluating the conservation status of marine species whilst developing processes to mitigate declines. Stranding analyses and scientific reports are readily available for a range of marine species, including cetaceans, pinnipeds, dugong and marine turtles, but have not been previously undertaken in sea snakes.True sea snakes (subfamily Hydrophiinae: Hydrophiini) spend their entire life in the marine environment, as opposed to their amphibious counterparts the sea kraits (genus Laticauda). Sea snake species inhabiting Australia's waters are almost exclusively Hydrophiinae, yet are regularly found beach-washed on Australia's coastline, particularly in Queensland. As such, stranded sea snakes in Australia are likely ill or injured individuals. Despite frequent sea snake strandings, demonstrated population declines in some species and recognition that sea snakes are likely to be bio-indicators of the health of the marine ecosystem, an epidemiological investigation of sea snake strandings has not been conducted.The main objective of this thesis was to help address gaps in the literature about sea snake health, disease and stranding events, with particular focus in south east Queensland, where stranding reports occur most frequently. A comprehensive analysis of information from multiple stranding databases was undertaken to assess: (i) species occurrence, (ii) the cause of strandings (where known), (iii) sex predisposition (where identified), (iv) biometrics, (v) stranding locations, and (vi) times of year when strandings occur. This information was from stranding reports, and was collated to provide a comprehensive assessment of reported sea snake stranding events in Queensland, identifying key 'hot-spots' for stranding observations, seasonal occurrence of strandings, and factors that are likely to influence stranding events. Abnormally high numbers of stranded animals were reported in 1996 and 2009 and this appeared to coincide with times of higher than average rainfall, as well as increased onshore winds and wind speed (Chapter 2).To address the paucity of information in the literature about normal clinical health parameters for sea snakes an antemortem assessment guide was developed, detailing procedures for the clinical ii assessment and diagnostic investigation of sea snakes by veterinarians and researchers (Chapter 3).In addition, the first comprehensive set of haematological and biochemical reference ranges for three species of Australian sea snakes were developed from blood collect...

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Heterosporis anguillarum Infection in a Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Establishing a New SpeciesEncephalitozoon pogonaefor the Microsporidian Parasite of Inland Bearded DragonPogona vitticepsAhl 1927 (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae)

Establishing a New SpeciesEncephalitozoon pogonaefor the Microsporidian Parasite of Inland Bearded DragonPogona vitticepsAhl 1927 (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae)

Microsporidiosis in Four Tortoises (Testudo hermanni boettgeri)

An investigation into the stranding of Australian sea snakes

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