Heterologous expression, characterization and possible functions of the chitin deacetylases, Cda1 and Cda2, from mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

Abstract

Two chitin deacetylases, Cda1 and Cda2, from Coprinopsis cinerea were expressed and characterized. Cda1 preferably deacetylates the nonreducing end residue of (GlcNAc)2, the internal or nonreducing end residue of (GlcNAc)3 and the nonreducing residue of (GlcNAc)6 after deacetylating the internal residues. In contrast, Cda2 preferably deacetylates the reducing end residue of (GlcNAc)2, the internal or reducing end residue of (GlcNAc)3 and the reducing residue of (GlcNAc)6 after deacetylating the internal residues. Furthermore, Cda1 prefers chitohexaose with higher degrees of acetylation for deacetylation, while Cda2 shows a weaker preference for chitohexaose with varying degrees of acetylation. The predicted Cda1 structure shows more hydrophobic aromatic amino acids on the surface near subsite +1 in the active site than on the surface near subsite -1, whereas the predicted Cda2 structure has more hydrophobic aromatic amino acids on the surface near subsite -1 than on the surface near subsite +1, which may be the molecular basis of the distinctive catalytic features between Cda1 and Cda2. Notably, Cda1 has a high transcription level in the nonelongating basal stipe region, whereas Cda2 has a high transcription level in the elongating apical stipe region, and the transcription level of the former is approximately five times that of the latter. Correspondingly, the molar ratio of GlcN/GlcNAc increased from 0.15 in the cell wall of the apical stipe region to 0.22 in the cell wall of the basal stipe region. Different modes of action of Cda1 and Cda2 may be related to their functions in the different stipe regions.

An Overview of Structural Aspects and Health Beneficial Effects of Antioxidant Oligosaccharides

“…In this work the effects of wheat bran feruloyl oligo-Compared to the control group, the serum catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH- [78] saeeharides (FEOS), as an antioxidant supplement Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels of lambs for perform-ance, were investigated with respect to were sigoificantly higher, while the serum total antioxidant capacity (T -AOC) slightly blood metabolite levelll, antioxidant status and rumiincreased. nal fermentation in lambs.…”

“…Although widely used, NMR has low sensitivity and severe signal overlap, which often makes data interpretation difficult [71]. [77] and products of the action of chitin deacetylases (Cdal and Cda2) from 1he mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea on chitin oligosaccharides [78].…”

“…Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are sugar oligomers formed by xylose units, which appear naturally in fruits, vegetables, milk, and honey, For large scale, XOS are obtained from hydrolysis reactions involving arabinoxylans derived from lignocellulosic materials, or cereal and millet brans [60,92,93,95,162]. The antioxidant activity of xylo-oligosaccharides is generally attributed to the presence of ester-linked hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, such as ferulic acid, coumaric caffeic and syringic acid residues on the xylan chain [78,96,102,131,132,133,163] (Fig. 4).…”

Transcriptional Changes on Blight Fruiting Body of Flammulina velutipes Caused by Two New Bacterial Pathogens

“…to construct the main structure of fungal cell wall, significantly contributing to its integrity (Wang et al, 2018b). The partial deacetylation of chitin by chitin deacetylases is usually considered to confer chitin resistance to hydrolysis by chitinases for selfdefense and ability for coping with stress (Christodoulidou et al, 1996).…”

Synthesis, antitumor activity and molecular mechanism of doxorubicin conjugated trimethyl-chitosan polymeric micelle loading Beclin1 siRNA for drug-resisted bladder cancer therapy

“…Numerous studies have reported the preparation and biomedical properties of modied chitosan such as gra-copolymerization, alkylation or multiple alkylation, carboxymethylation, michael addition and direct conjugation to chemotherapeutics as well as peptides or proteins. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Chitosan derivatives, N-quaternization modied chitosan, i.e. N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) achieves considerable attention as a drug and gene carrier because of its physiochemical stability, biocompatibility, synthetic feasibility and controllable cationic charge as well as its water-solubility via regulation of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups.…”