Heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of nordic pulp to levulinic and formic acids

Ahlkvist, Johan; Wärnå, Johan; Salmi, Tapio; Mikkola, Jyri‐Pekka

doi:10.1007/s11144-016-1069-7

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A LA yield of around 40 wt% (or 56% of theoretical yield) was obtained at a moderate temperature of 165 °C for 8–10 h, or 180 °C for 2–3 h. This yield is relatively high as compared to the LA yield from cellulose hydrolysis, as reviewed before [ 4 ]. As compared to LA, formic acid is unstable in hydrothermal conditions [ 9 , 29 ], and extension of reaction time at elevated temperatures resulted in a low yield. The solid residue consisted of unconverted cellulose and/or formed humins.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Production of Levulinic Acid and Porous Carbon Material from Cellulose

Kang

Pan

et al. 2018

Materials

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A sequential production of levulinic acid (LA) and porous carbon material (CM) from cellulose was conducted by a two-step process. The cellulose was first acid hydrolyzed, and the preferred reaction conditions required a severity factor of 4.0–4.5, in which the yields of LA, formic acid, and solid residue were 38 ± 3 wt%, 17 ± 3 wt%, and 15 ± 3 wt%, respectively. The solid residue was further used for CM preparation through pyrolysis, with or without ZnCl2 activation. The ZnCl2 activation promoted the formation of CMs with improved thermal stability, high surface area (1184–2510 m2/g), and excellent phenol adsorption capacity (136–172 mg/g). The used CM can be easily regenerated by a simple methanol Soxhlet extraction process, and a comparable phenol adsorption capacity of 97 mg/g was maintained for the 5th reusing. Finally, 100 g cellulose produced 40.5 g LA, 18.9 g formic acid and 8.5 g porous CM, with a total carbon utilization ratio reaching 74.4%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Production of Levulinic Acid and Porous Carbon Material from Cellulose

Kang

Pan

et al. 2018

Materials

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“…Formic acid (FA) can be synthesised as a by-product in a process called biomass hydrolysis [161,162]. FA uses a hydrogen donor for hydrogenation of LA to yield fuel adjunct, like γ-valerolactone [163].…”

Section: Organic Acids and Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy

et al. 2021

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In the late twentieth century, the only cost-effective opportunity for waste removal cost at least several thousand dollars, but nowadays, a lot of improvement has occurred. The biomass and waste generation problems attracted concerned authorities to identify and provide environmentally friendly sustainable solutions that possess environmental and economic benefits. The present study emphasises the valorisation of biomass and waste produced by domestic and industrial sectors. Therefore, substantial research is ongoing to replace the traditional treatment methods that potentially acquire less detrimental effects. Synthetic biology can be a unique platform that invites all the relevant characters for designing and assembling an efficient program that could be useful to handle the increasing threat for human beings. In the future, these engineered methods will not only revolutionise our lives but practically lead us to get cheaper biofuels, producing bioenergy, pharmaceutics, and various biochemicals. The bioaugmentation approach concomitant with microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an example that is used to produce electricity from municipal waste, which is directly associated with the loading of waste. Beyond the traditional opportunities, herein, we have spotlighted the new advances in pertinent technology closely related to production and reduction approaches. Various integrated modern techniques and aspects related to the industrial sector are also discussed with suitable examples, including green energy and other industrially relevant products. However, many problems persist in present-day technology that requires essential efforts to handle thoroughly because significant valorisation of biomass and waste involves integrated methods for timely detection, classification, and separation. We reviewed and proposed the anticipated dispensation methods to overcome the growing stream of biomass and waste at a distinct and organisational scale.

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“…On the other hand, LA production on an industrial scale is limited due to the expensive feedstock, low synthetic yield, and lack of detailed process design. Several promising processes for producing LA from inexpensive raw materials, such as lignocellulosic biomass, have been investigated, such as the biofine process, wheat straw-to-LA process, fugal-to-LA process, and biomass-to-LA processes. ,− In particular, the biofine process uses acid hydrolysis to convert biomass to LA. A process using furfural to extract LA and formic acid (FA) from the acidic hydrolysis reaction of biomass has been proposed .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Assessment of Hybrid Purification Processes through a Systematic Solvent Screening for the Production of Levulinic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Nhien

Long

Kim

et al. 2016

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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A hybrid purification process combining extraction and distillation for the production of levulinic acid (LA), furfural, and formic acid (FA) from lignocellulosic biomass was studied. The effective process depends on the choice of appropriate extraction solvent. A comprehensive procedure of solvent selection for the LA production process was developed. A range of solvents were first evaluated by solvent screening, and processes using the three most promising solvents, including methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK); furfural and octanol were then designed and optimized using an Aspen Plus simulator. These processes were evaluated in terms of the energy consumption, total annual cost, and environmental impact. As a result, MIBK showed the most favorable equilibrium for the extraction of LA but was unfavorable for FA extraction. Octanol showed not only the most favorable result in the extraction of FA, but was also favorable for the extraction of furfural and LA. Interestingly, furfural could extract more LA than octanol and extract more FA than MIBK. The design results show that the furfural solvent process can reduce energy consumption by up to 25.2% and 21.4%, the TAC by up to 30.6% and 25.9%, and CO 2 emissions by up to 27.0% and 25.5% compared to processes using octanol and MIBK as solvents, respectively.

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Heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of nordic pulp to levulinic and formic acids

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Sequential Production of Levulinic Acid and Porous Carbon Material from Cellulose

Sequential Production of Levulinic Acid and Porous Carbon Material from Cellulose

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy

Design and Assessment of Hybrid Purification Processes through a Systematic Solvent Screening for the Production of Levulinic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass

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