Heterogeneous treatment effect estimation of participation in collective actions and adoption of climate-smart farming technologies in South–West Nigeria

Impact of participation in collective action on farmers’ decisions and waiting time to adopt soil and water conservation measures

“…Constructing terraces and installing water-saving irrigation equipment involves substantial initial investment and a longer payback period, often requiring the assistance of professional companies (Jia and Lu, 2020). Higher levels of household participation in village collective activities are associated with a stronger willingness to seek and evaluate suppliers, negotiate with them collectively, thereby increasing the likelihood of adopting terracing and water-saving irrigation technologies (Llewellyn and Brown, 2020; Olawuyi and Mushunje, 2020; Manda et al , 2020; Mi et al ., 2021). Even though afforestation does not require professional companies, the organization of village collective activities helps households unite and purchase tree seedlings and tools collectively, making implementation costs more manageable and increasing the likelihood of adoption.…”

“…Referring to the studies of the adoption decision and adoption speed of environmentally friendly agricultural technologies, which have environmental spillover effects, such as water-saving technology (Mi et al , 2021), SWC measures (Cheng et al , 2020; Li et al , 2021), climate-smart farming technologies (Olawuyi and Mushunje, 2020; Jabbar et al , 2023; Kreft et al , 2023), organic farming technologies (Manda et al , 2020) and no-tillage techniques (Xue et al , 2022), we selected control variables from household characteristics, family characteristics, planting situations, government support, social networks, regional features, etc. to avoid the interference on the regression results.…”

Climate-Smart Agriculture in African Countries: A Review of Strategies and Impacts on Smallholder Farmers

“…With a south-north gradient, the average monthly temperatures vary from 22 • C to around 38 • C. Nigeria is also the biggest economy in Africa with the agriculture sector contributing around 30% of the gross domestic product (GDP), with over 70% of the residents directly involved in farming and the food supply chain [127,128], making it a significant proportion of the country's economy [129]. Nigeria is characterized by diverse contexts and heterogeneous production environments [130]. Agricultural production systems in Nigeria are principally dependent on rainfall with around 69% of the less-privileged engaged mostly in rainfed agriculture, which exposes their living conditions to unpredictable climatic fluctuations, with grave implications for food security [131].…”

“…Nigeria faces varying degrees of climate risk such as rising temperature, changing rainfall patterns, distribution and volume and extreme climate events such as floods, droughts and desertification [130]. Sea levels have been reported to steadily increase along with the coastal areas of Nigeria, and it is predicted that a 1 m rise in water levels could cause a loss of about 75% of the total landmass in the Niger Delta region, which has led to coastal erosion and the loss of some villages (e.g., Erstwhile Village in Delta State) [133].…”

“…Using zero or minimum tillage grants advantages such as reductions in costs expended on land preparation and early planting, which matches the onset of rainfall. This CSA practice appears promising to the farmers whose objective is to maximize production outcomes [130].…”