Heterogeneous Catalyst for Pyrolysis and Biodiesel Production

Anantharaman, Anjana P.; Niju, Subramaniapillai

doi:10.1002/9781119793038.ch3

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Catalysts are usually classified into two groups: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Generally, homogeneous catalysts are in a single phase (reactants, products, and catalysts are in the same phase), i.e., liquid solution, while the heterogeneous catalysts are in solid form [58,59]. The most used homogeneous catalysts for plastic pyrolysis are aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium methoxide (CH 3 ONa).…”

Section: Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly used acidic catalysts are hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulphuric, and organic sulphonic acids. Homogeneous acid catalysts are preferred to base ones, because of the lower activity of the latter [58].…”

Section: Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important advantage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous ones is that they are non-corrosive. The surface area, porosity, arrangement of functional groups, and acidity are important features for the pyrolysis process [58,61]. Most used catalysts are the following: zinc oxide-ZnO; magnesium oxide-MgO; calcium-carbonate-CaCO 3; calcium carbide-CaC 2; silicon dioxide-SiO 2 ; aluminum oxide-Al 2 O 3 ; silicon dioxide alumina doped-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 ; zeolite Socony mobil-5-ZSM-5; zeolite; red mud; and fluid catalytic cracking-FCC [54,55].…”

Section: Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to make the catalytic pyrolysis more affordable, catalyst costs need to be reduced, because scaling up the process on the continuous scale requires a large amount of catalysts that further influences the overall cost of the process [58]. Naturally occurring silica-rich zeolites (clinoptilolite and mordenite) can be used for plastic pyrolysis [64].…”

Section: Application Of Natural Catalysts For Plastic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in the surface area improves the interaction between the catalyst and pyrolysis gas, which results in cracking to gaseous products. Y zeolite has a high surface area and it contributes to the formation of gaseous products, while a natural catalyst with a low surface area favors the formation of liquid products [58]. Polyethylene can diffuse into the HZSM-5 pores in contrast to that observed for other polymers such as polypropylene.…”

Section: Molecular Symmetry Effects In Pyrolysis Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review

et al. 2022

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The present review addresses the latest findings and limitations in catalytic pyrolysis for the processing of plastic waste into valuable fuels. Compared to thermal degradation of plastics, catalytic pyrolysis provides better results in regards to the quality of the obtained liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Different types of catalysts can be used in order to improve the thermal degradation of plastics. Some of the most used catalysts are different types of zeolites (HUSY, HZSM-5, Hβ), Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), silica-alumina catalysts, or natural clays. There is a need to find affordable and effective catalysts in the aim of achieving commercialization of catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste. Therefore, this study summarizes and presents the most significant results found in the literature in regards to catalytic pyrolysis. This paper also investigates the symmetry effects of molecules on the pyrolysis process.

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Section: Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Natural Catalysts For Plastic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Symmetry Effects In Pyrolysis Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review

et al. 2022

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Thermochemical behavior and kinetics study of algae pyrolysis using iron oxide catalyst

Anantharaman,

Bangarraju,

Prakash

et al. 2023

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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The shift in emphasis from fossil fuel‐derived energy to waste‐to‐energy technologies has widened the possibility for environmentally sustainable methods such as pyrolysis. Algae collected from local sources that grow in wastewater using atmospheric CO2 is a potential feedstock for pyrolysis. Thus, the work focuses on studying the pyrolysis reaction of macroalgae sourced from regional sources in the presence of Fe2O3 catalyst using the thermogravimetric analysis, followed by kinetic analysis using iso‐conversional methods of Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Starink methods, and model free Kissinger method. The kinetic model was developed using master plot method. XRD analysis of the Fe2O3 catalyst confirms the presence of the maghemite and hematite phases in the sample. Based on the conversion profile, DTG trend, and kinetic parameter variation, the overall pyrolysis process can be divided into three different stages of dissociation reactions. The apparent activation energy calculated from different models varies in the range: stage I (∼268 kJ/mol), stage II (∼261 kJ/mol), and stage III (∼328 kJ/mol), respectively. Master plot analysis of the kinetic data confirms the best fit of the nucleation model (A2) to experimental data in stage II. Further, the thermodynamic properties of the reaction, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH), change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and change in entropy (ΔS) range between 206 and 405 kJ/mol, 189 and 651 kJ/mol, −450 and 27 J/mol/K, respectively, corroborates the complexity of the reaction. Kinetics and thermodynamic property analysis of complex reactions like pyrolysis is essential for pilot plant design.

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Co‐Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis of Corn‐Cob Biomass and Waste Plastic: Comprehensive Study Based on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach

Reddy,

Ajay Raj,

Baburao

et al. 2024

ChemistrySelect

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This study focuses on the utilization of agro‐residual corn‐cob biomass, waste plastic and the combination of both for pyrolysis reaction using thermal analysis. Circular bioeconomy is assured by closing all the resource materials loops through co‐pyrolysis process. The conversion profiles of corn cob pyrolysis at various heating rates reveal a three‐stage decomposition process, and plastic waste exhibits single stage degradation. Due to the interaction between the blended materials, additional degradation peaks arise during the co‐pyrolysis of waste plastic (PET bottles) and biomass (corn cobs). The apparent activation energy fluctuates in the range of 120–260 kJ/mol with the conversion, according to Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS) kinetic methods. Notably, for co‐pyrolysis the apparent activation energy is lower (168 kJ/mol using FWO) than the individual biomass (179 kJ/mol using FWO) and plastic (175 kJ/mol using FWO), suggesting a positive synergistic effect during charring. The liquid crude and char product analysis from corn cob pyorlysis through FTIR and XRD confirms the application of the products in energy and chemical processes. The results obtained in this study can be utilized for co‐pyrolysis reactor analysis specifically using waste plastic bottles that are accumulating in the environment.

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Heterogeneous Catalyst for Pyrolysis and Biodiesel Production

Cited by 4 publications

References 62 publications

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review

Thermochemical behavior and kinetics study of algae pyrolysis using iron oxide catalyst

Co‐Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis of Corn‐Cob Biomass and Waste Plastic: Comprehensive Study Based on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach

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