Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals

Abstract

Approximately 80% of the processes in the chemical industries require the use of catalysts. Because of that, catalysis generates annual global sales of about $1.5 trillion, and contributes directly or indirectly to approximately 35% of the world's GDP. Most catalytic processes are heterogeneous in nature, and often rely on the use of transition metal particles dispersed on high surface area supports. In this chapter, the basic chemical concepts behind heterogeneous metal catalysis are introduced. Examples are then provided for typical practical catalytic systems used in the generation of energy, the production of chemicals, the preparation of materials, and the cleaning of the environment. Finally, several promising new research directions related to the future development of heterogeneous metal catalysis are highlighted, in particular those associated with the designing and characterization of novel catalytic materials, the surface science of catalysis, high throughput catalyst testing, improved selectivities, and green chemistry.

Palladium, Iridium, and Rhodium Supported Catalysts: Predictive H2 Chemisorption by Statistical Cuboctahedron Clusters Model

“…Metallic catalysts are involved in 80% of the industrial catalytic processes [ 1 ]. These catalysts are of great importance in various fields, such as synthesis chemistry, energy production, but also, environment processes [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Low-coverage surface diffusion in complex periodic energy landscapes: Analytical solution for systems with symmetric hops and application to intercalation in topological insulators

“…The diffusion of atoms and molecules on crystalline surfaces is fundamental to several technologies [1,2,3,4,5]. This includes heterogeneous catalysis for mass production of essential compounds in the chemical, food and energy industries [6], as well as the growth of thin films for the fabrication of semiconductor devices and novel two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene [7,8]. Planar synthesis technologies, such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), where surface diffusion plays a key role, are currently attracting increasing attention as an alternative to supply a complete, new generation of atom-thick materials, including semi-metals (graphene, NiTe 2 , VSe 2 ,...) [7,8,9], semiconductors (WS 2 , WSe 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , TaS 2 , RhTe 2 , PdTe 2 ,...) [9,10,11,12], insulators (hexagonal-BN, HfS 2 ,...) [10,13,14], superconductors (NbS 2 , NbSe 2 , NbTe 2 , TaSe 2 ,...) [9,15] and topological insulators (Bi 2 Se 3 , Bi 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 ) [16,17,18].…”

Recent advances and prospects of inkjet printing in heterogeneous catalysis

“…146 Alumina, carbon and zeolites are typical support This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 materials widely used in the catalysis industry. 147 Therefore, synthesis of catalyst support and its loading by active materials are critical steps in the design of catalysts. Inkjet printing may be an efficient approach for the synthesis/deposition of support materials.…”