Heterogeneity in Formation of Lignin. XIV. Formation and Structure of Lignin in Differentiating Xylem of<i>Ginkgo biloba</i>

Fukushima, Kazuhiko; Terashima, Noritsugu

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.2.87

Cited by 70 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…p-Hydroxyphenyl lignins are deposited at the initial stages of cell wall development, mainly into cell corners and compound middle lamellae both in gymnosperm and angiosperm trees (Fukushima and Terashima 1991;Terashima et al 1998;Terashima and Fukushima 1988). The methoxyl contents of lignins increase at later developmental stages of cell wall formation in Pinus thumbergii (Terashima and Fukushima 1988).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, lignins from suspension cultures of the gymnosperm trees, Pinus taeda and Picea abies had lower OCH 3 contents than their corresponding woody tissues (Brunow et al 1990;Fukuda et al 1988). This was ascribed to higher contents of p-hydroxyphenyl units (Brunow et al 1993; Lange et al 1995).p-Hydroxyphenyl lignins are deposited at the initial stages of cell wall development, mainly into cell corners and compound middle lamellae both in gymnosperm and angiosperm trees (Fukushima and Terashima 1991;Terashima et al 1998;Terashima and Fukushima 1988). The methoxyl contents of lignins increase at later developmental stages of cell wall formation in Pinus thumbergii (Terashima and Fukushima 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of guaiacyl/p-hydroxyphenyl lignin in Arabidopsis thaliana T87 cells

Yamamura

Wada

Sakakibara

et al. 2011

Plant Biotechnology

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Abstruct Arabidopsis thaliana is the most widely used model plant in the area of plant biosciences, and the cell line T87 is one of the most commonly used lines in Arabidopsis cell cultures. The characteristics of lignins in cultured cells often differ from those of lignins in intact plants. To date, nothing is known about the lignins of T87 cells. In this study, we characterized lignins of T87 cells using six analytical methods; phloroglucinol staining, thioacidolysis, nitrobenzene oxidation, alkaline hydrolysis, and Klason and acetyl bromide methods. These analyses clearly showed that lignins of T87 cells are composed of guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl units, and are quite different from lignin found in the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem, which is composed of guaiacyl and syringyl units. Materials and methods T87 cells and plant materialsT87 suspension-cultured cells were cultivated in 200 ml mJPL3 liquid medium according to Ogawa et al. (2008b) and harvested at 1-21 days after subculturing. The harvested T87 suspensioncultured cells were collected onto filter paper (Advantec Co., Ltd.) in a Buchner funnel. After removal of the medium, the collected cells were washed with 50 ml MilliQ water, dewatered by suction filtration for 30 s, weighed, and then stored in liquid nitrogen until use. In addition, T87 cells were maintained on mJPL3 agar medium and subcultured every 14 days. A. thaliana Columbia plants were cultivated under a 16-h light/8-h dark regime as reported previously (Nakatsubo et al. 2008a(Nakatsubo et al. , 2008b. Sample preparation for lignin analysesHarvested T87 suspension-cultured cells and A. thaliana inflorescence stems (60 days old, 30 cm in height) were individually freeze-dried, powdered with a pestle and mortar, and extracted with 95% methanol at 60°C until the color of the powdered cells changed from green to pale yellow. Then, the powders were further extracted successively with hexane and distilled water and freeze dried. Hereafter, these samples are referred to as extracts-free powders in this paper. Then, the extracts-free powders were dried in an oven at 60°C to constant weight. The lignins in the dried extract-free powders were then analyzed by thioacidolysis, nitrobenzene oxidation, alkaline hydrolysis, and Klason and acetyl bromide methods. Chemicals InstrumentationCells were observed under an Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus Co., Ltd), and images were obtained using a digital camera (Olympus DP71, Olympus Co., Ltd.) connected to the microscope.GC-MS was performed using a Shimadzu QP-5050A GC-MS system (Shimadzu Co., Ltd.). The GC-MS conditions were as follows: Shimadzu Hicap CBP10-M25-0.25 column (25 mϫ 0.22 mm); carrier gas, helium; injection temperature, 230°C; oven temperature, 40°C at tϭ0 to 2 min, then to 230°C at 40°C min Ϫ1; ionization, electron-impact mode (70 eV). Absorbance was measured with a UV-1600PC UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Co., Ltd.). Phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid stainingThe phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid reaction was carried out according to the...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of guaiacyl/p-hydroxyphenyl lignin in Arabidopsis thaliana T87 cells

Yamamura

Wada

Sakakibara

et al. 2011

Plant Biotechnology

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“…Most of the difficulties regarding the conversion stem from the structural complexity of lignin. Lignin is a polyphenol-based polymer with non-repeating units and the structure varies in different regions of plants such as in the cell wall [252], and is influenced by the environment, for instance the reaction wood, compression wood in softwood and tension wood in hardwood [253,254]. Unfortunately, lignin cannot be treated in the same manner as homogeneous raw materials such as steel or dissolved pulp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of technical lignins to functional materials with retained polymeric properties

Matsushita

2015

J Wood Sci

156

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A significant amount of technical lignins is produced in the pulp and paper industries. However, most technical lignins are burned for thermal recycling and a few percent are used as materials, such as lignosulfonate as a dispersant. Native lignin has a highly complex structure and is susceptible to structural variations depending on the pulping process, thus hindering the effective utilization of lignins. The procedures used to convert lignins into functional materials include depolymerization to monomeric fragments followed by re-building to functional materials, and chemical modifications to generate functional polymers with retained polymeric properties. In this paper, the latter is disserted. The characteristics of technical lignins, which include kraft lignin, lignosulfonate, and organosolv lignin, and their conversion to functional materials such as polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes, etc. and the applications of lignin-based materials in some fields are discussed.

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“…50 The proportion of lignin to polysaccharides in the fully differentiated vessel wall is 60:100, but this may vary between species. However, newly differentiated xylem elements contain no lignin, 51 lignin formation only occurring as the vessel ages. Thus, newly formed xylem elements have walls composed of polysaccharides and pectic substances only, in fact not dissimilar to the walls of other plant cells.…”

Section: Deposition Of Metals In Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%