“…They are the most significant class of compounds, with a wide variety of applications from nuclear-level actions to propelling space flight. They are the main structural partners in natural 1 and pharmaceutical products, 2,3 semiconductors, 4 agrochemicals, 5 antioxidants, 6 as copolymers, 7 corrosion inhibitors, 8 veterinary products, dye stuffs 9 and rocket propellants. 10 Almost all biofunctional chemical moieties in living organisms, such as DNA, RNA, vitamins, hormones, ATP, and even chemical messengers, are constructed with these heteroatom-possessing rings.…”