Heterocyclic Building Blocks for Organic Semiconductors

Zhao, Xikang; Chaudhry, Saadia T.; Mei, Jianguo

doi:10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.04.009

Cited by 71 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 243 publications

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“…Diclofluanid and IPBC are both used as wood preservatives, and carbazole is a constituent of coal tar (creosote). In addition to that, IPBC is used in cosmetics and personal care products (ECHA, 2019b, d), and carbazole is used in the production of carbazolecontaining polymers (PVK, or poly(-N-vinylcarbazole)) that are used in photovoltaic devices and semiconducting polymers (Zhao et al, 2017;Grazulevicius et al, 2003). Car- bazole is also used in the production of pharmaceuticals (Zawadzka et al, 2015).…”

Section: Potential Ceacs Without Lratpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air – Part 2: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

et al. 2020

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Abstract. The Norwegian Arctic possesses a unique environment for the detection of new potential chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) due to remoteness, sparse population and the low number of local contamination sources. Hence, a contaminant present in Arctic air is still considered a priority indication for its environmental stability and environmental mobility. Today, legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related conventional environmental pollutants are already well-studied because of their identification as Arctic pollutants in the 1980s. Many of them are implemented and reported in various national and international monitoring activities including the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). These standard monitoring schemes, however, are based on compound-specific quantitative analytical methods. Under such conditions, the possibility for the identification of hitherto unidentified contaminants is limited and random at best. Today, new and advanced technological developments allow a broader, unspecific analytical approach as either targeted multicomponent analysis or suspect and non-target screening strategies. In order to facilitate such a wide range of compounds, a wide-scope sample clean-up method for high-volume air samples based on a combination of adsorbents was applied, followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography separation and low-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC × GC-LRMS). During the study reported here, simultaneous non-target and suspect screening were applied. The detection of over 700 compounds of interest in the particle phase and over 1200 compounds in the gaseous phase is reported. Of those, 62 compounds were confirmed with reference standards and 90 compounds with a probable structure (based upon mass spectrometric interpretation and library spectrum comparison). These included compounds already detected in Arctic matrices and compounds not detected previously (see also Fig. 1). In addition, 241 compounds were assigned a tentative structure or compound class. Hitherto unknown halogenated compounds, which are not listed in the mass spectral libraries used, were also detected and partly identified.

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Section: Potential Ceacs Without Lratpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air – Part 2: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Diclofluanid and IPBC are both used as wood preservatives and and carbazole is a constituent of coal tar (creosote). In addition to that, IPBC is used in cosmetics and personal care products (ECHA, 2019f, a) and carbazole is used in the production of carbazole containing polymers (PVK, poly(-N-vinylcarbazole)) used in photovoltaic devices and in semiconducting polymers (Zhao et al, 2017;Grazulevicius et al, 2003) and pharmaceuticals (Zawadzka et al, 2015). 2-(Methylmercapto)benzothiazole is a major methylation product of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, a common used vulcanisation accelerator in rubber of car tires, shoes, cables, rubber gloves and toys (Herrero et al, 2014;Leng and Gries, 2017).…”

Section: Potential Ceacs Without Lratpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air, Part II: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

Röhler¹,

Schlabach²,

Haglund³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. The Norwegian Arctic possess a unique environment for the detection of new potential chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) due to remoteness, sparsely populated and the low number of local contamination sources. Hence, a contaminant present in Arctic air is still considered a priority indication for its environmental stability and environmental mobility. Today, legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related conventional environmental pollutants are already well-studied since their identification as Arctic pollutants in the 1980s. Many of them are implemented and reported in various national and international monitoring activities including the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP). These standard monitoring schemes, however, are based on compound specific quantitative analytical methods. Under such conditions, the possibility for identification of hitherto unidentified contaminants is limited and randomly, at the best. Today, new and advanced technological developments allow a broader, unspecific analytical approach as either targeted multi-component analysis or suspect and non-target screening strategies. In order to facilitate such a wide range of compounds, a wide-scope sample clean-up method for high-volume air samples, based on a combination of adsorbents was applied, followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography separation and low-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC&#215;GC-LRMS). During the here reported study, simultaneous non-target and suspect screening were applied. The detection of over 700 compounds of interest in the particle phase and over 1200 compounds in the gaseous phase is reported. Of those, 62 compounds were confirmed with reference standards and 90 compounds with a probable structure (based upon mass spectrometric interpretation and library spectrum comparison). These included compounds already detected in Arctic matrices and compounds not detected previously (see also Figure 1). In addition, 241 compounds were assigned tentative structure or compound class. Hitherto unknown halogenated compounds, which are not listed in the used mass spectral libraries, were also detected and partly identified.

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“…Carbazole may mainly be used in carbazole containing polymers (PVK, poly(-N-vinylcarbazole)), which could be used in photovoltaic devices or in semiconducting polymers (Zhao et al, 2017;Grazulevicius et al, 2003). This compound is also used in the production of various pharmaceuticals (Zawadzka et al, 2015).…”

Section: New Potential Cecsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in ambient air, Part I: Combining a novel sample clean-up method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Röhler¹,

Bohlin‐Nizzetto²,

Rostkowski³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Long-term monitoring of regulated organic chemicals, such as legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air provides valuable information about the compounds' environmental fate as well as temporal and spatial trends. This is the foundation to evaluate the effectiveness of national and international regulations of priority pollutants. Extracts of high-volume air samples, collected on glass fibre filters (GFF for particle phase) and polyurethane foam plugs (PUF for gaseous phase), for targeted analyses of legacy POPs are commonly cleaned by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in extracts clean from most interfering compounds and matrices, and suitable for multi quantitative trace analysis. Such standardised methods, however, severely restrict the number of analytes for quantification and are not applicable when targeting new and emerging compounds as some may be less stable to acid treatment. Recently developed suspect and non-target screening analytical strategies (SUS and NTS, respectively) are shown to be effective evaluation tools aiming at identifying a high number of compounds of emerging concern. These strategies, combining high sophisticated analytical technology with extensive data interpretation and statistics, are already widely accepted in environmental sciences for investigations of various environmental matrices but its application to air samples is still very limited. In order to apply SUS and NTS for the identification of organic contaminants in air samples, an adapted and more wide-scope sample clean-up method is needed, compared to the traditional method which is using concentrated sulphuric acid. Analysis of raw air sample extracts, without clean-up, would generate an extensive contamination of the analytical system with especially PUF matrix-based compounds and, thus, highly interfered mass spectra and detection limits which are unacceptable high for trace analysis in air samples. In this study, a novel wide-scope sample clean-up method for high-volume air samples has been developed and applied to real high-volume air samples, which facilitates simultaneous target, suspect and non-target analyses The scope and efficiency of the method was quantitatively evaluated with organic compounds, covering a wide range of polarities (logP 2-11), including legacy POPs, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), chlorinated pesticides and currently used pesticides (CUPs). In addition, data reduction and selection strategies for SUS and NTS were developed for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography separation with low resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC&#215;GC-LRMS) data and applied on real high-volume air samples. Combination of the newly developed clean-up procedure and data treatment strategy enabled the prioritisation of over 600 compounds of interest in the particle-phase (on GFF) and over 850 compounds in the gas-phase (on PUF), out of over 25&#8201;000 chemical features detected in the raw data set. Of these, 50 individual compounds were identified and confirmed with reference standards, 80 compounds were identified with a probable structure and 774 compounds were assigned to various compound classes. In the here available dataset, 11 hitherto unknown halogenated compounds were detected. These unknown compounds were not yet listed in the available mass spectral libraries.

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Heterocyclic Building Blocks for Organic Semiconductors

Cited by 71 publications

References 243 publications

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air – Part 2: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air – Part 2: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in Arctic air, Part II: Application of a new tool for identification and prioritisation of chemicals of emerging Arctic concern in air

Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in ambient air, Part I: Combining a novel sample clean-up method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

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