Heterochrony and its role in sex determination of cryptically dioecious Consolea (Cactaceae) staminate flowers

Strittmatter, Lara; Hickey, R. James; Negrón-Ortiz, Vivian

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00754.x

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…In fact, there is an apparent transition between breeding system and ploidy level. The change from hermaphroditism to trioecy is coupled with an increase in chromosome number in P. pringlei and is consistent with polyploidisation events reported for other cacti with non-hermaphroditic sexual systems (Valiente-Banuet et al 1997, Fleming et al 1998, Strittmatter 2002, Díaz and Cocucci 2003, Strittmatter et al 2006, 2008). Our results imply that in P. pringlei the hermaphrodite system is diploid and restricted to ICA and ICE, whereas the tetraploid condition is essentially associated with unisexual, dioecious, gynodioecious and trioecious breeding systems (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Variation in chromosome number and breeding systems: implications for diversification in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae)

Gutiérrez-Flores¹,

Luz²,

León³

et al. 2018

CCG

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Polyploidy, the possession of more than two sets of chromosomes, is a major biological process affecting plant evolution and diversification. In the Cactaceae, genome doubling has also been associated with reproductive isolation, changes in breeding systems, colonization ability, and speciation. Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson, 1885) Britton & Rose, 1909, is a columnar cactus that has long drawn the attention of ecologists, geneticists, and systematists due to its wide distribution range and remarkable assortment of breeding systems in the Mexican Sonoran Desert and the Baja California Peninsula (BCP). However, several important evolutionary questions, such as the distribution of chromosome numbers and whether the diploid condition is dominant over a potential polyploid condition driving the evolution and diversity in floral morphology and breeding systems in this cactus, are still unclear. In this study, we determined chromosome numbers in 11 localities encompassing virtually the entire geographic range of distribution of P. pringlei. Our data revealed the first diploid (2n = 22) count in this species restricted to the hermaphroditic populations of Catalana (ICA) and Cerralvo (ICE) Islands, whereas the tetraploid (2n = 44) condition is consistently distributed throughout the BCP and mainland Sonora populations distinguished by a non-hermaphroditic breeding system. These results validate a wider distribution of polyploid relative to diploid individuals and a shift in breeding systems coupled with polyploidisation. Considering that the diploid base number and hermaphroditism are the proposed ancestral conditions in Cactaceae, we suggest that ICE and ICA populations represent the relicts of a southern diploid ancestor from which both polyploidy and unisexuality evolved in mainland BCP, facilitating the northward expansion of this species. This cytogeographic distribution in conjunction with differences in floral attributes suggests the distinction of the diploid populations as a new taxonomic entity. We suggest that chromosome doubling in conjunction with allopatric distribution, differences in neutral genetic variation, floral traits, and breeding systems has driven the reproductive isolation, evolution, and diversification of this columnar cactus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Variation in chromosome number and breeding systems: implications for diversification in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae)

Gutiérrez-Flores¹,

Luz²,

León³

et al. 2018

CCG

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“…These include monopodial trunks, as in Brasiliopuntia , hairy seeds as in Brasiliopuntia , Tacinga , and some members of Opuntia s.s. (Stuppy, 2002), hook‐shaped embryos as in Tacinga (Stuppy, 2002), and expanded floral nectaries for hummingbird pollination as in Tacinga (Taylor et al, 2002) and several Opuntia species (e.g., O. quimilo, Nopalea ; Díaz and Cocucci, 2003; Puente, 2006). However, members of Consolea also demonstrate unique characters, which do not appear elsewhere in the Opuntieae, except in interclade allopolyploids with Consolea (e.g., reticulate epidermis and cryptic dioecy; Strittmatter et al, 2008). Consolea has diversified into at least nine species (Areces‐Mallea, 2001; Negrón‐Ortiz, 2007) and should not be regarded as synonymous with Opuntia s.s., as proposed by Nyffeler and Eggli (2010b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): Clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution

Majure

Puente

Griffith

et al. 2012

American J of Botany

171

205

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“…In Cactaceae, the developmental pattern that produces unisexual flowers in C. spinosissima and O. stenopetala has significant differences. In C. spinosissima and five other species of the genus Consolea, male flowers present a well-developed stigma, style and ovary; the female sterility is attributable to ovule abortion (Strittmatter et al 2002(Strittmatter et al , 2008. In contrast, in O. stenopetala the inability of male flowers to set fruits is clearly due to the incomplete ovule development or the total absence of ovules, in combination with the lack of stigma and stylar defects.…”

Section: Sexual Dimorphism In Flower Development In O Stenopetalamentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Most of the previous work on unisexuality has focused on ecological aspects (Del Castillo 1986;Fleming et al 1994) and embryological studies of dioecious species are scarce. In fact, only the subdioecious cactus Consolea spinosissima has been studied at morphological and embryological level (Strittmatter et al 2002(Strittmatter et al , 2008. Natural populations of C. spinosissima display three floral morphs: male, female, and weak hermaphrodite (morphologically hermaphrodite flowers in which ovules at anthesis are papery).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inception of maleness: auxin contribution to flower masculinization in the dioecious cactus Opuntia stenopetala

Orozco-Arroyo

Vázquez‐Santana

Camacho

et al. 2012

Planta

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In Opuntia stenopetala, flowers initiate as hermaphrodite; however, at maturity, only the stamens in male flowers and the gynoecium in female flowers become functional. At early developmental stages, growth and morphogenesis of the gynoecium in male flowers cease, forming a short style lacking stigmatic tissue at maturity. Here, an analysis of the masculinization process of this species and its relationship with auxin metabolism during gynoecium morphogenesis is presented. Histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy were performed; auxin levels were immunoanalyzed and exogenous auxin was applied to developing gynoecia. Male flower style-tissue patterning revealed morphological defects in the vascular bundles, stylar canal, and transmitting tissue. These features are similar to those observed in Arabidopsis thaliana mutant plants affected in auxin transport, metabolism, or signaling. Notably, when comparing auxin levels between male and female gynoecia from O. stenopetala at an early developmental stage, we found that they were particularly low in the male gynoecium. Consequently, exogenous auxin application on male gynoecia partially restored the defects of gynoecium development. We therefore hypothesize that, the arrest in male flower gynoecia patterning could be related to altered auxin homeostasis; alternatively, the addition of auxin could compensate for the lack of another unknown factor affecting male flower gynoecium development.

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Heterochrony and its role in sex determination of cryptically dioecious Consolea (Cactaceae) staminate flowers

Cited by 26 publications

References 76 publications

Variation in chromosome number and breeding systems: implications for diversification in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae)

Variation in chromosome number and breeding systems: implications for diversification in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae)

Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): Clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution

Inception of maleness: auxin contribution to flower masculinization in the dioecious cactus Opuntia stenopetala

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