Heterochromatin as an Important Driver of Genome Organization

Penagos-Puig, Andrés; Furlan-Magaril, Mayra

doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.579137

Cited by 62 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The involvement of heterochromatin in genome functioning, adaptation, and speciation is still a fundamental problem of modern genetics. The notion that CH is a genetically inactive part of the genome has been refuted [ 1 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. The position effect on gene expression depends on the proximity to the site of CH and apparently may reflect intranuclear location of genes at interphase [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karyotype Evolution in 10 Pinniped Species: Variability of Heterochromatin versus High Conservatism of Euchromatin as Revealed by Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics

Beklemisheva

Perelman

Lemskaya

et al. 2020

Genes

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Pinnipedia karyotype evolution was studied here using human, domestic dog, and stone marten whole-chromosome painting probes to obtain comparative chromosome maps among species of Odobenidae (Odobenus rosmarus), Phocidae (Phoca vitulina, Phoca largha, Phoca hispida, Pusa sibirica, Erignathus barbatus), and Otariidae (Eumetopias jubatus, Callorhinus ursinus, Phocarctos hookeri, and Arctocephalus forsteri). Structural and functional chromosomal features were assessed with telomere repeat and ribosomal-DNA probes and by CBG (C-bands revealed by barium hydroxide treatment followed by Giemsa staining) and CDAG (Chromomycin A3-DAPI after G-banding) methods. We demonstrated diversity of heterochromatin among pinniped karyotypes in terms of localization, size, and nucleotide composition. For the first time, an intrachromosomal rearrangement common for Otariidae and Odobenidae was revealed. We postulate that the order of evolutionarily conserved segments in the analyzed pinnipeds is the same as the order proposed for the ancestral Carnivora karyotype (2n = 38). The evolution of conserved genomes of pinnipeds has been accompanied by few fusion events (less than one rearrangement per 10 million years) and by novel intrachromosomal changes including the emergence of new centromeres and pericentric inversion/centromere repositioning. The observed interspecific diversity of pinniped karyotypes driven by constitutive heterochromatin variation likely has played an important role in karyotype evolution of pinnipeds, thereby contributing to the differences of pinnipeds’ chromosome sets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karyotype Evolution in 10 Pinniped Species: Variability of Heterochromatin versus High Conservatism of Euchromatin as Revealed by Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics

Beklemisheva

Perelman

Lemskaya

et al. 2020

Genes

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“…Partitioning of euchromatin and heterochromatin is an important layer of chromatin organization. Whereas euchromatin comprises transcriptionally active regions of the genome, heterochromatin corresponds to condensed forms of chromatin with poor, or no, transcriptional activity [ 284 ]. Heterochromatin is categorized into two major types: constitutive and facultative.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Whereby Sumoylation Can Regulate Polmentioning

confidence: 99%

SUMO and Transcriptional Regulation: The Lessons of Large-Scale Proteomic, Modifomic and Genomic Studies

et al. 2021

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One major role of the eukaryotic peptidic post-translational modifier SUMO in the cell is transcriptional control. This occurs via modification of virtually all classes of transcriptional actors, which include transcription factors, transcriptional coregulators, diverse chromatin components, as well as Pol I-, Pol II- and Pol III transcriptional machineries and their regulators. For many years, the role of SUMOylation has essentially been studied on individual proteins, or small groups of proteins, principally dealing with Pol II-mediated transcription. This provided only a fragmentary view of how SUMOylation controls transcription. The recent advent of large-scale proteomic, modifomic and genomic studies has however considerably refined our perception of the part played by SUMO in gene expression control. We review here these developments and the new concepts they are at the origin of, together with the limitations of our knowledge. How they illuminate the SUMO-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that have been characterized thus far and how they impact our view of SUMO-dependent chromatin organization are also considered.

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“…This prompted us to investigate chromatin and RNA Polymerase 2 (Pol2) status in PGCs using immunohistochemistry. First, we analyzed H3K9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) as a mark associated with heterochromatin and repressed transcription ( Penagos-Puig and Furlan-Magaril, 2020 ). Using the signal from the somatic cells to normalize, we found that H3K9me3 in PGCs dropped between 1 dpf and 6 dpf ( …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive nuclear gyration and pervasive non-genic transcription during primordial germ cell development in zebrafish

et al. 2021

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Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of germ cells, which migrate to the genital ridge during early development. Relatively little is known about PGCs after their migration. We studied this post-migratory stage using microscopy and sequencing techniques, and found that many PGC-specific genes, including genes known to induce PGC fate in the mouse, are only activated several days after migration. At this same time point, PGC nuclei become extremely gyrated, displaying general broad opening of chromatin and high levels of intergenic transcription. This is accompanied by changes in nuage morphology, expression of large loci (PGC-expressed non-coding RNA loci, PERLs) that are enriched for retro-transposons and piRNAs, and a rise in piRNA biogenesis signatures. Interestingly, no nuclear Piwi protein could be detected at any time point, indicating that the zebrafish piRNA pathway is fully cytoplasmic. Our data show that the post-migratory stage of zebrafish PGCs holds many cues to both germ cell fate establishment and piRNA pathway activation.

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Heterochromatin as an Important Driver of Genome Organization

Cited by 62 publications

References 99 publications

Karyotype Evolution in 10 Pinniped Species: Variability of Heterochromatin versus High Conservatism of Euchromatin as Revealed by Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics

Karyotype Evolution in 10 Pinniped Species: Variability of Heterochromatin versus High Conservatism of Euchromatin as Revealed by Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics

SUMO and Transcriptional Regulation: The Lessons of Large-Scale Proteomic, Modifomic and Genomic Studies

Extensive nuclear gyration and pervasive non-genic transcription during primordial germ cell development in zebrafish

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