To
fully understand the potential ecological and human health risks
from nanoplastics and microplastics (NMPs) in the environment, it
is critical to make accurate measurements. Similar to past research
on the toxicology of engineered nanomaterials, a broad range of measurement
artifacts and biases are possible when testing their potential toxicity.
For example, antimicrobials and surfactants may be present in commercially
available NMP dispersions, and these compounds may account for toxicity
observed instead of being caused by exposure to the NMP particles.
Therefore, control measurements are needed to assess potential artifacts,
and revisions to the protocol may be needed to eliminate or reduce
the artifacts. In this paper, we comprehensively review and suggest
a next generation of control experiments to identify measurement artifacts
and biases that can occur while performing NMP toxicity experiments.
This review covers the broad range of potential NMP toxicological
experiments, such as in vitro studies with a single
cell type or complex 3-D tissue constructs, in vivo mammalian studies, and ecotoxicity experiments testing pelagic,
sediment, and soil organisms. Incorporation of these control experiments
can reduce the likelihood of false positive and false negative results
and more accurately elucidate the potential ecological and human health
risks of NMPs.