“…Sparse representation aims to learn the sparse weights wi of each example xi simultaneously with a dictionary D. In the following, the data matrix of examples is denoted as = { 1 , 2 , ⋯ , } ∈ ℜ × , (here X is same as S) For a given sparse representation dictionary = { 1 , 2 , ⋯ , } ∈ ℜ × , the sparse representation coefficients matrix M is denoted as = { 1 , 2 , ⋯ , } ∈ ℜ × . Then, the Lp-norm based sparse representation [16] can be expressed as:…”