Herpesviruses and SARS-CoV-2: Viral Association with Oral Inflammatory Diseases

Banks, Jonathan M.; Capistrano, Kristelle J.; Brandini, Daniela A.; Zaidi, Filza; Thakkar, Pari; Rahat, Rani; Schwartz, Joel; Naqvi, Afsar R.

doi:10.3390/pathogens13010058

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…The interactions between periodontopathogenic bacteria and viruses in the oral cavity represent a complex and multifaceted relationship with significant implications for oral and systemic health. 131,312 Above…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SARS-CoV-2, all likely etiologic agents of oral diseases such as PD, oral pharyngitis, mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, dysphagia, vesicularbullae disorders, keratotic lesions, dental pulpitis, and a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory presentations. [129][130][131][132][133] Heparan sulphate can interact with a variety of ligands mediating additional receptor activations. 134 Some membrane receptors are also regulatory for cell-to-cell communication, tissue integrity, oral mucosal infection, inflammatory and neoplasia responses associated with pathogen pattern recognition (e.g., pattern recognition receptor, PRR) producing an amplification of transcriptional inflammatory signalling through NF-kB leading to cytokine expressions.…”

Section: Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycan Adheren...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS‐CoV‐2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19

Schwartz,

Capistrano,

Gluck

et al. 2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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COVID‐19 as a pan‐epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID‐19 and oral post‐acute‐sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis‐sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD‐associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS‐CoV‐2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for ‘long‐haul’ oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycan Adheren...mentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19

Schwartz,

Capistrano,

Gluck

et al. 2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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The effect of artificial saliva on the control of dry mouth: a semi-experimental study on COVID-19 patients under Non-invasive mechanical ventilation

Sedighi,

Khari,

Hasheminik

et al. 2024

BMC Oral Health

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Objectives Since maintaining oral hygiene is essential in nursing care, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of oral care using Mucosamin artificial saliva spray to control dry mouth in ICU patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods The current semi-experimental research was conducted on eighty patients with COVID-19 selected using the available sampling method. The study tool was a Beck oral assessment scale (BOAS). The case and control groups were selected from two hospitals with relatively similar conditions and treatment procedures. For patients in the intervention group, mucosamin artificial saliva spray was used in addition to the common care, while control group patients received only common care. Results Eighty patients were randomly assigned to two groups named control and intervention (40 patients in each group). The intervention was very effective in reducing the BOAS score after four days in comparison with the control group (9.23 vs. 12.05, respectively; p-value < 0.001). Based on the adjusted model, the application of artificial saliva reduced the BOAS score, indicating improvement in mouth dryness. While the BOAS score was increased in the control group, it had a declining trend in the intervention one. Conclusion The study’s results showed that using artificial saliva spray could effectively reduce the symptoms of dry mouth in patients with COVID-19 treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Clinical relevance The present study introduced an applicable solution (artificial saliva) to treat mouth dryness in ICU patients under mechanical ventilation.

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A Low-Cost Protocol Using the Adjunctive Action of Povidone–Iodine Irrigations and Sodium Hypochlorite Rinsing Solution in Step 2 of Periodontal Therapy for Patients with Stage III–IV Periodontitis: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Kardaras,

Christodorescu,

Boariu

et al. 2024

Dentistry Journal

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In severe stages of periodontitis, conventional periodontal therapy and maintenance care are usually insufficient due to the viral and bacterial etiology; thus, a mechanical approach alone may not be sufficient to eliminate a substantial portion of subgingival pathogens, especially in deep periodontal sites. Background and Objectives: This single-blind, randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological efficacy of a low-cost protocol using povidone–iodine and sodium hypochlorite formulations as adjuncts to non-surgical therapy for patients with stage IV periodontitis when compared with chlorhexidine, the most commonly employed substance to date for antimicrobial regimens in periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into two groups: control (subgingival instrumentation, chlorhexidine-assisted) and test (antiviral medication, subgingival instrumentation with povidone–iodine, sodium hypochlorite rinsing solution, and antibiotics). Clinical measurements and microbiological analyses were performed at baseline and after three months. Results: After three months, notable differences were found in the bacterial detection scores for Porphyromonas gingivalis (a significant reduction in detection frequency was observed in the test compared to the control (p = 0.021)), and there were significant reductions in detection in the test group for Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola, showing undetectable levels (p < 0.0001 for both). In the test group, the pocket probing depth median value was reduced significantly (p = 0.0005); similarly, bleeding on probing showed a marked decrease (p < 0.0001). However, changes in clinical attachment loss and full-mouth plaque score were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Using the proposed protocol, substantial improvements in clinical and microbiological parameters were obtained when compared with the current antimicrobial recommendations.

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Herpesviruses and SARS-CoV-2: Viral Association with Oral Inflammatory Diseases

Cited by 3 publications

References 147 publications

SARS‐CoV‐2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19

SARS‐CoV‐2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19

The effect of artificial saliva on the control of dry mouth: a semi-experimental study on COVID-19 patients under Non-invasive mechanical ventilation

A Low-Cost Protocol Using the Adjunctive Action of Povidone–Iodine Irrigations and Sodium Hypochlorite Rinsing Solution in Step 2 of Periodontal Therapy for Patients with Stage III–IV Periodontitis: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

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