Herpes zoster as a risk factor for stroke and TIA

Breuer, Judith; Pacou, M.; Gautier, Axel; Brown, Martin M.

doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000584

Cited by 71 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…In the UK, 45 % of HZ cases occurred before the age of 60 and 65 % in those under 70 [13]. Moreover, as the risk of developing HZ vasculopathy was proven to be major for subjects under 40 of age [28], the role of HZ vaccine in younger individuals could be promoted, as well as universal childhood varicella vaccination [37]. …”

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confidence: 99%

“…A retrospective study of 106,601 HZ cases and 213,202 age-and gender-matched controls demonstrated that HZ is an independent risk factor for vascular diseases in the UK population [28] Nagel et al [30] ''VZV vasculopathy'' could lead to transient ischemic attacks and ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, but also temporal artery infection mimicking giant cell arteritis, extra cranial vasculopathy, aneurysm with and without subarachnoid haemorrhage, as well as spinal cord infarction and peripheral thrombotic disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A retrospective study of 106,601 HZ cases and 213,202 age-and gender-matched controls demonstrated that HZ is an independent risk factor for vascular diseases in the UK population [28] [28]. The so-called ''varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy'' is probably directly linked to VZV infection and replication within arterial walls, provoking vascular damage and disruption of vascular flow [29].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Herpes zoster vaccine: a shot to maintain wellbeing

Michel¹

2015

Aging Clin Exp Res

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The current era is full of contradictory vaccine issues. The emerging Ebola pandemic stimulates the world's citizens who are calling for the urgent development of vaccine to prevent the disease [1]. They seem to be suddenly remembering that vaccines represent a major advancement in public health [2]. While the complete eradication of polio, neonatal tetanus, congenital rubella, and measles are still the main targets in less developed countries [3], inhabitants of high-resource countries are focusing on rare adverse effects of vaccines to discredit the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccination. As a result, there is an increase in vaccine-preventable diseases in both children and adults. Indeed, it has been estimated that ten times more adults (40 to 50 thousand) die than children in the USA annually from potentially vaccine-preventable diseases [4].In this controversial context, alongside vaccines for lifethreatening diseases, there have emerged new vaccines to prevent the occurrence of diseases and their complications. Herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine [5][6][7], is the best example of such quality improvement vaccines. In this issue, Stefania Maggi and collaborators present a comprehensive and upto-date review of how the HZ vaccine improves healthy ageing [8]. This paper raises some questions concerning the global epidemiology of the disease, improved knowledge of HZ risk factors, the well-known and more surprising consequences of the disease, as well as the increasing dilemma about age and the new indications for the currently available vaccine.The incidence rate (IR) of HZ in Italy, at 6.3 per thousand person-years [8,9], is higher than the mean incidence rate of 3-5 per thousand person-years reported in an analysis of 130 studies conducted in 26 countries in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific [10]. This could be related to a temporal increase in the incidence of HZ, often occurring before the introduction of varicella vaccination programmes [11], as in Finland [11] and Germany [12]. In the United Kingdom, one study reported that the median age at HZ diagnosis was 62 years (interquartile range 48-73) [13]. The IR was more or less stable between the ages of 10 and 44 years (at around 2.4 per thousand personyears), but increased more than threefold, to reach 15 in the 80-84 year old age group [12]. In the same study population, the IR was 36 % higher in females than in males [12]. Prodromic pain was experienced by 69.5 % of South Korean patients, of whom 95.1 % had moderate-to-severe pain [14]. In Italy, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) occurred in 20.6 and 9.2 % of HZ patients older than 50 years after 3 and 6 months respectively [8,15], which corresponds to the mean 6-month PHN risk reported in the world literature [16].The risk factors for HZ have recently been better identified, and Maggi's paper describes them in detail [8]. However, it is important to insist on a few of these factors. In a study cohort of 144,959 adults diagnosed with herpes zoster between 2000 and 2011, severely immunosuppressive conditions r...

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A retrospective study of 106,601 HZ cases and 213,202 age-and gender-matched controls demonstrated that HZ is an independent risk factor for vascular diseases in the UK population [28] [28]. The so-called ''varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy'' is probably directly linked to VZV infection and replication within arterial walls, provoking vascular damage and disruption of vascular flow [29].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Herpes zoster vaccine: a shot to maintain wellbeing

Michel¹

2015

Aging Clin Exp Res

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“…Notable exceptions include the following characteristics: atypical rashes, such as disseminated zoster or a minimal or absent dermatomal rash; zosteriform herpes simplex; modified (breakthrough) varicella in vaccinated individuals; and rashes caused by enteroviruses, poxviruses, rickettsia, drug reactions or contact dermatitis; and VZV infection in the absence of a rash. The latter includes, for example, zoster without rash (known as zoster sine herpete, sometimes with or without facial palsy 90 ), meningitis 1,91,92 , stroke 81,[93][94][95][96][97] , myelitis 98 and enteric (gastrointestinal) infections 45,[99][100][101][102] . In these settings, rapid diagnosis is necessary to plan appropriate therapy and public health measures.…”

Section: Diagnosis Screening and Prevention Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Varicella zoster virus infection

Suzuki

Suga²,

Asano³

2015

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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“…There is strong evidence that VZV infection is a risk factor for strokes [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. VZV vasculopathy is seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons and can follow either varicella or zoster infection, as a result of which, populations at the extremes of age are more commonly affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Nervous System Vasculopathy In Varicella Zoster Virus Infection

Mehta¹,

Desai²,

Mirtchev³

2017

J Neuroinfect Dis

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Varicella zoster virus is an exclusively human double-stranded DNA virus that is the causative factor for two ubiquitous conditions: varicella in children and zoster in adults. Both conditions are associated with neurological complications. Centripetal trans-axonal spread via cranial nerve ganglia appears to afford entry into the central nervous system. There is increasing evidence of varicella zoster virus playing a role in the development of giant cell arteritis. First associated with transient ischemic attacks and ischemic strokes, vasculopathy secondary to varicella zoster virus infections has now been associated with aneurysms that may or may not lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage, multifocal vasculitis, arterial dissection, dolicoectasia, cortical venous sinus thrombosis, ischemic cranial neuropathies and spinal cord infarction. Prior knowledge of the myriad clinical manifestations helps in early diagnosis and treatment of the complications.

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Herpes zoster as a risk factor for stroke and TIA

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Herpes zoster vaccine: a shot to maintain wellbeing

Herpes zoster vaccine: a shot to maintain wellbeing

Varicella zoster virus infection

Central Nervous System Vasculopathy In Varicella Zoster Virus Infection

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