Herpes Simplex Virus Meningoencephalitis

Steiner, Israel

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0425-7_3

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Other viruses probably invade through peripheral nerves (rabies). The invasion and spread of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the CNS are probably mediated by the latent virus in the ganglion but there is room for speculation if the encephalitis is not due to a primary HSV infection (Steiner et al, 2007;Steiner, 2011Steiner, , 2012. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mutations seem to be responsible for the failed immune response to prevent the invasion of HSV in some herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) patients (Lim et al, 2014;Mørk et al, 2015).…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In HSE, the sensitivity is 96% and the specificity 99% when CSF is studied between 48 hours and 10 days from symptom onset. Thus, in the early hours often the first CSF analysis can be negative for HSV-1 and should be repeated if clinically suspected (Adler et al, 2011;Steiner, 2012;Kennedy and Steiner, 2013). A high viral load has been suggested in some, but not all studies, to be correlated with a worse outcome (Nahmias et al, 1982).…”

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CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases

Benninger

Steiner

2018

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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Infections of the nervous system are an important and challenging aspect of clinical neurology. Immediate correct diagnosis enables to introduce effective therapy, in conditions that without diagnosis may leave the patient with severe neurological incapacitation and sometimes even death. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a mirror that reflects nervous system pathology and can promote early diagnosis and therapy. The present chapter focuses on the CSF findings in neuro-infections, mainly viral and bacterial. Opening pressure, protein and glucose levels, presence of cells and type of the cellular reaction should be monitored. Other tests can also shed light on the causative agent: serology, culture, staining, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction. Specific examination such as panbacterial and panfungal examinations should be examined when relevant. Our chapter is a guide-text that combines clinical presentation and course with CSF findings as a usuaful tool in diagnosis of neuroinfections. ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMAcute infections of the nervous system are as diverse in their clinical consequences for the patient as the variety of infectious agents causing them: from mild headaches to long-term morbidity and a threat to life. Therefore, the earliest possible diagnosis is absolutely essential. Central here stands the examination of the CSF. The correct diagnosis is often dependent on this rather simple procedure to allow diagnosis and focused antimicrobial and adjunctive therapy. This chapter deals with acute infectious diseases of the nervous system and the importance of the lumbar puncture (LP) in the diagnostic process.

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Section: Pathogenesis and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases

Benninger

Steiner

2018

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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Update on Herpes Virus Infections of the Nervous System

Steiner

Benninger

2013

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

152

110

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Herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are human neurotropic viruses that establish latent infection in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for the entire life of the host. From the DRG they can reactivate to cause human morbidity and mortality. Although they vary, in part, in the clinical disorders they cause, and in their molecular structure, they share several features that govern the biology of their infection of the human nervous system. HSV-1 is the causative agent of encephalitis, corneal blindness, and several peripheral nervous system disorders; HSV-2 is responsible for meningoencephalitis in neonates and meningitis in adults. The biology of their ability to establish latency, maintain it for the entire life of the host, reactivate, and cause primary and recurrent disease is being studied in animal models and in humans. This review covers recent advances in understanding the biology and pathogenesis of HSV-related disease.

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Herpes Simplex Virus Meningoencephalitis

Cited by 2 publications

References 85 publications

CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases

CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases

Update on Herpes Virus Infections of the Nervous System

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