Herpes Simplex Virus Epidemiology and Ocular Importance

Liesegang, Thomas J.

doi:10.1097/00003226-200101000-00001

Cited by 508 publications

(456 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…The exact characterization of immune-escape mechanisms is even more important for individuals undergoing chemotherapy, organ-or bone marrow-transplant recipients and patients suffering from HIV infection. These patients can develop multiple and extensive lesions and, in some cases, visceral spread may occur (Liesegang, 2001;Stewart et al, 1995).In this study, we have provided evidence that DCs infected with HSV-1 show a significant change in their expression profiles of the CCR7 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors. These data were initially achieved by gene-chip analyses and confirmed by RT-PCR.…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

Infection of mature dendritic cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 dramatically reduces lymphoid chemokine-mediated migration

Prechtel

Turza

Kobelt

et al. 2005

Journal of General Virology

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is able to establish latency in infected individuals. In order to characterize potential new immune-escape mechanisms, mature dendritic cells (DCs) were infected with HSV-1 and total cellular RNA was isolated from infected and mock-infected populations at different time points. RNA profiling on Affymetrix Human Genome U133A arrays demonstrated a dramatic downregulation of the migration-mediating surface molecules CCR7 and CXCR4, an observation that was further confirmed by RT-PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. Furthermore, migration assays revealed that, upon infection of mature DCs, CCR7-and CXCR4-mediated migration towards the corresponding CCL19 and CXCL12 chemokine gradients was strongly reduced. It is noteworthy that the infection of immature DCs with HSV-1 prior to maturation led to a failure of CCR7 and CXCR4 upregulation during DC maturation and, as a consequence, also induced a block in their migratory capacity. Additional migration assays with a Dvhs mutant virus lacking the virion host shutoff (vhs) gene, which is known to degrade cellular mRNAs, suggested a vhs-independent mechanism. These results indicate that HSV-1-infected mature DCs are limited in their capacity to migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, the areas of antigen presentation and T-cell stimulation, thus inhibiting an antiviral immune response. This represents a novel, previously unrecognized mechanism for HSV-1 to escape the human immune system. INTRODUCTIONDendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived leukocytes and represent the best-known group of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) today. In order to induce specific T cellmediated immune responses, they act as the sentinels of the immune system and lie in wait in an immature state in almost all peripheral tissues (Banchereau & Steinman, 1998). Maturation is induced by contact of immature DCs with various products of infectious agents (Aliprantis et al., 1999;Brightbill et al., 1999;Cella et al., 1999). During maturation, DCs lose their ability to take up antigens and migrate from the sites of antigen accumulation to the areas of antigen presentation, primarily the T-cell zones of the secondary lymphoid organs (Banchereau & Steinman, 1998;Ridge et al., 1998).Immature DCs differ significantly from mature DCs in their response to specific chemokines, their ability to migrate and their capacity to stimulate immune responses (Gunn, 2003). Whilst immature DCs respond to many CC and CXC chemokines, such as CCL3 (MIP-1a), CCL4 (MIP-1b), CCL5 (RANTES) and CCL20 (MIP-3a), the expression or activity of the corresponding receptors is reduced or abolished completely in mature DCs 1998). As a consequence of the enhanced expression of CCR7 and CXCR4, mature DCs show an increased response to CCL19 (MIP-3b) and CXCL12 (SDF-1a) (Cavanagh & Von Andrian, 2002; Delgado et al., 1998; Förster et al., 1999;Gunn et al., 1999). The necessity of CCR7 expression for the induction of a primary immune response (Förster et al., 1999;Parlato et al., 2001) has ...

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mentioning

confidence: 66%

Infection of mature dendritic cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 dramatically reduces lymphoid chemokine-mediated migration

Prechtel

Turza

Kobelt

et al. 2005

Journal of General Virology

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“…It is also responsible for neonatal morbidity, a co-factor for HIV transmission, particularly in developing countries (Patel and Rompalo, 2005), and it is also involved in several ocular diseases (Liesegang, 2001;Pepose et al, 2006). The two forms of Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 e HSV-2) are morphologically similar and produce indistinguishable characteristics during the initial infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant and antiviral effects of Pterocaulon alopecuroides and Bidens segetum extracts

Silveira¹,

Martins²,

Costa³

et al. 2009

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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RESUMO: "Efeitos citotóxico, antioxidante e antiviral in vitro de extratos de Pterocaulon alopecuroides e Bidens segetum". Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lamark) De Candolle e Bidens segetum Mart. ex Colla são duas espécies pertencentes à família Asteraceae. Os extratos dessas duas espécies foram avaliados quanto às suas atividades citotóxica, antioxidante e antiviral. Todos os extratos analisados apresentaram citotoxidade muito alta contra linhagens de células RBL-2H3. O ensaio de atividade antioxidante demonstrou uma alta atividade das frações em acetato de etila de B. segetum e P. alopecuroides. Isso pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo alto conteúdo de cumarinas, ao menos para P. alopecuroides. Nenhum dos extratos etanólicos totais de B. segetum mostraram atividade significativa contra o vírus Herpes simplex (Tipos 1 e 2 resistentes ao aciclovir). O extrato etanólico de P. alopecuroides também foi inativo contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 1 resistente ao aciclovir. Entretanto, este extrato apresentou atividade inibitória contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 resistente ao aciclovir. Do extrato etanólico bruto de P. alopecuroides foi possível isolar a 7-(2',3'-dihidroxi-3'-metilbutiloxi)-6-metoxicumarina, a qual foi testada nas mesmas condições, demonstrando um índice de inibição viral quase duas vezes maior do que o da amostra de P. alopecuroides para HSV-2-ACVr. A cumarina tabém foi ativa contra HSV-1-ACVr. Esses resultados evidenciam a importância de Pterocaulon alopecuroides e Bidens segetum como plantas medicinais.Unitermos: Pterocaulon alopecuroides, Bidens segetum, atividade antiviral, atividade citotóxica, atividade antioxidante, 7-(2',3'-dihidroxi-3'-metilbutiloxi)-6-metoxicumarina. ABSTRACT:Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lamark) De Candolle and Bidens segetum Mart. ex Colla are two species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Extracts from those two species were evaluated to their cytotoxic, antioxidant and antiviral activities. All the extracts assayed have shown a very high cytotoxity against RBL-2H3 cell line. The antioxidant assay pointed out a really high activity of the ethyl acetate extracts for B. segetum and P. alopecuroides. This can be partially explained due to the high content of coumarins, at least for P. alopecuroides. None of the total ethanol extracts from B. segetum showed significant activity against the two strains of Herpes simplex virus (Types 1 and 2 resistant to acyclovir). P. alopecuroides ethanol extract was also inactive against the Herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant to acyclovir. However, this extract presented inhibitory activity against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 resistant to acyclovir. From the ethanol crude extract of P. alopecuroides, it was possible to isolate 7-(2',3'-dihidroxy-3'-methylbutyloxy)-6-methoxycoumarin, which was tested in the same conditions, showing a viral inhibitory rate almost twice bigger than the P. alopecuroides sample for HSV-2-ACVr. The coumarin was also active against HSV-1-ACVr. Those results provide further evidence of the importance of Pter...

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“…Estima-se que no mundo 60%-70% das crianças com cinco anos de idade e aproximadamente 90% dos adultos apresentam soropositividade para os antígenos do HSV-1. Destes apenas 20%-30% apresentam sinais clínicos da doença, e as manifestações oculares ocorrem em menos de 1% (1)(2) .…”

Section: Resumo Introduçãounclassified

“…Geralmente as lesões são unilaterais, e aproximadamente 5% dos casos são por lesões bilaterais e estão associados à atopia (1)(2) .…”

Section: Resumo Introduçãounclassified

Detecção do vírus herpes simples por reação em cadeia da polimerase em pacientes com ceratite herpética típica ou atípica

Kamimura

Takata

Fernandes

et al. 2008

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Herpes Simplex Virus Epidemiology and Ocular Importance

Cited by 508 publications

References 120 publications

Infection of mature dendritic cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 dramatically reduces lymphoid chemokine-mediated migration

Infection of mature dendritic cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 dramatically reduces lymphoid chemokine-mediated migration

In vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant and antiviral effects of Pterocaulon alopecuroides and Bidens segetum extracts

Detecção do vírus herpes simples por reação em cadeia da polimerase em pacientes com ceratite herpética típica ou atípica

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