Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP4 Forms Complexes with TFIID and Mediator in Virus-Infected Cells

Lester, Jonathan; DeLuca, Neal A.

doi:10.1128/jvi.00385-11

Cited by 62 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…The mechanisms by which the ␤ genes (maximally expressed between 4 and 7 h of infection) and the ␥ genes (expressed 6 h postinfection and on) are transcriptionally activated are not completely understood. Evidence shows that the transcription of early and late genes is dependent on viral factors, for example, the immediate-early protein ICP4 (8)(9)(10). Also important for early-and late-gene transcription are promoter-independent processes, such as mobilization of Pol II and host cell factors, changes in the phosphorylation state of Pol II, and/or isolation of viral DNA into nuclear compartments (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Causes Near-Complete Loss of RNA Polymerase II Occupancy on the Host Cell Genome

Abrisch

Eidem

Yakovchuk

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Lytic infection by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) triggers a change in many host cell programs as the virus strives to express its own genes and replicate. Part of this process is repression of host cell transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), which also transcribes the viral genome. Here, we describe a global characterization of Pol II occupancy on the viral and host genomes in response to HSV-1 infection using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq). The data reveal near-complete loss of Pol II occupancy throughout host cell mRNA genes, in both their bodies and promoter-proximal regions. Increases in Pol II occupancy of host cell genes, which would be consistent with robust transcriptional activation, were not observed. HSV-1 infection induced a more potent and widespread repression of Pol II occupancy than did heat shock, another cellular stress that widely represses transcription. Concomitant with the loss of host genome Pol II occupancy, we observed Pol II covering the HSV-1 genome, reflecting a high level of viral gene transcription. Interestingly, the positions of the peaks of Pol II occupancy at HSV-1 and host cell promoters were different. The primary peak of Pol II occupancy at HSV-1 genes is ϳ170 bp upstream of where it is positioned at host cell genes, suggesting that specific steps in transcription are regulated differently at HSV-1 genes than at host cell mRNA genes. IMPORTANCE We investigated the effect of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection on transcription of host cell and viral genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). The approach we used was to determine how levels of genome-bound Pol II changed after HSV-1 infection.We found that HSV-1 caused a profound loss of Pol II occupancy across the host cell genome. Increases in Pol II occupancy were not observed, showing that no host genes were activated after infection. In contrast, Pol II occupied the entire HSV-1 genome. Moreover, the pattern of Pol II at HSV-1 genes differed from that on host cell genes, suggesting a unique mode of viral gene transcription. These studies provide new insight into how HSV-1 causes changes in the cellular program of gene expression and how the virus coopts host Pol II for its own use. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a double-stranded DNA virus that proliferates in the nuclei of host cells during lytic infection (reviewed in reference 1). HSV-1 can cause lifelong infection by establishing asymptomatic latency in host sensory neurons, where it remains in a transcriptionally silenced state until it is stimulated by stress to reactivate and replicate in epithelial cells (2). The majority of the population are infected with HSV-1, which is largely responsible for oral cold sores; however, in rarer cases, it can cause severe conditions, such as blindness and encephalitis (3, 4). Recent experimental and epidemiological evidence also suggests a role for recurrent HSV-1 infection in Alzheimer's disease (5). Despite its clear medical significance, the relationship between the virus ...

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confidence: 99%

Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Causes Near-Complete Loss of RNA Polymerase II Occupancy on the Host Cell Genome

Abrisch

Eidem

Yakovchuk

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…S8A; supplemental Table S6). HSV-1 transcription factor ICP4 and transcriptional regulator ICP22 have been shown to interact with components of the RNA polymerase II complex (84,85), which are present in our chromatin-enriched fraction. We also detected tegument protein VP22 enriched in the chromatin fraction, consistent with the finding that it binds mitotic chromatin (86,87).…”

Section: Phosphoproteomics Analysis Of Host and Viral Proteome Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved Global and Chromatin Proteomics during Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Infection

Kulej

Avgousti

Sidoli

et al. 2017

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) lytic infection results in global changes to the host cell proteome and the proteins associated with host chromatin. We present a system level characterization of proteome dynamics during infection by performing a multi-dimensional analysis during HSV-1 lytic infection of human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Our study includes identification and quantification of the host and viral proteomes, phosphoproteomes, chromatin bound proteomes and post-translational modifications (PTMs) on cellular histones during infection. We analyzed proteomes across six time points of virus infection (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 h post-infection) and clustered trends in abundance using fuzzy c-means. Globally, we accurately quantified more than 4000 proteins, 200 differently modified histone peptides and 9000 phosphorylation sites on cellular proteins. In addition, we identified 67 viral proteins and quantified 571 phosphorylation events (465 with high confidence site localization) on viral proteins, which is currently the most comprehensive map of HSV-1 phosphoproteome. We investigated chromatin bound proteins by proteomic analysis of the high-salt chromatin fraction and identified 510 proteins that were significantly different in abundance during infection. We found 53 histone marks significantly regulated during virus infection, including a steady increase of histone H3 acetylation (H3K9ac and H3K14ac). Our data provide a resource of unprecedented depth for human and viral proteome dynamics during infection. Collectively, our results indicate that the proteome composition of the chromatin of HFF cells is highly affected during HSV-1 infection, and that phosphorylation events are abundant on viral proteins. We propose that our epi-proteomics approach will prove to be important in the characterization of other model infectious systems that involve changes to chromatin composition. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 16: 10.1074/mcp.M116.065987, S92-S107, 2017. Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)1 leads to a contagious and persistent infection that affects about 95% of the human population. The HSV-1 genome is a double-stranded DNA molecule that replicates in the host cell nucleus (1). HSV-1 initially infects epithelial cells as a lytic infection, and then enters peripheral neurons where it establishes latency (2, 3). Processes such as viral transcription, viral DNA synthesis, virion assembly and DNA packaging take place in discrete virus-induced structures within the nucleus called replication compartments (1, 4). These processes are temporally regulated by the viral cascades of immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L) gene expression. The IE proteins are primarily responsible for counteracting intrinsic host defenses and for activating expression of early-phase genes (1). Early viral pro-

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“…HSV-1 ICP4 is an essential HSV-1 immediate-early protein involved in reprogramming the host transcription apparatus (Kristie & Roizman, 1986). Binding of HSV-1 ICP4 to host transcription factor IIA and mediator stabilizes the preinitiation complex on HSV-1 gene promoters, resulting in induction of HSV-1 gene transcription (Zabierowski & DeLuca, 2008;Lester & DeLuca, 2011). ICP4 also functions to repress transcription of immediate-early and early virus genes.…”

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A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation

Kennedy

Rovnak

Badani

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

134

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses that cause lifelong infections in ganglia. Following primary infection and establishment of latency, HSV-1 reactivation typically results in herpes labialis (cold sores), but can occur frequently elsewhere on the body at the site of primary infection (e.g. whitlow), particularly at the genitals. Rarely, HSV-1 reactivation can cause encephalitis; however, a third of the cases of HSV-1 encephalitis are associated with HSV-1 primary infection. Primary VZV infection causes varicella (chickenpox) following which latent virus may reactivate decades later to produce herpes zoster (shingles), as well as an increasingly recognized number of subacute, acute and chronic neurological conditions. Following primary infection, both viruses establish a latent infection in neuronal cells in human peripheral ganglia. However, the detailed mechanisms of viral latency and reactivation have yet to be unravelled. In both cases latent viral DNA exists in an 'end-less' state where the ends of the virus genome are joined to form structures consistent with unit length episomes and concatemers, from which viral gene transcription is restricted. In latently infected ganglia, the most abundantly detected HSV-1 RNAs are the spliced products originating from the primary latency associated transcript (LAT). This primary LAT is an 8.3 kb unstable transcript from which two stable (1.5 and 2.0 kb) introns are spliced. Transcripts mapping to 12 VZV genes have been detected in human ganglia removed at autopsy; however, it is difficult to ascribe these as transcripts present during latent infection as early-stage virus reactivation may have transpired in the post-mortem time period in the ganglia. Nonetheless, low-level transcription of VZV ORF63 has been repeatedly detected in multiple ganglia removed as close to death as possible. There is increasing evidence that HSV-1 and VZV latency is epigenetically regulated. In vitro models that permit pathway analysis and identification of both epigenetic modulations and global transcriptional mechanisms of HSV-1 and VZV latency hold much promise for our future understanding in this complex area. This review summarizes the molecular biology of HSV-1 and VZV latency and reactivation, and also presents future directions for study. Received 5 January 2015Accepted 18 March 2015 IntroductionHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses usually acquired early in life. Primary HSV-1 infection is usually localized and may be asymptomatic, although it can produce a more widespread systemic infection in neonates and immunocompromised adults, whilst primary VZV infection is systemic and results in childhood varicella (chickenpox). During primary infection, both viruses gain access to neurons most likely through retrograde transport from the site of cutaneous lesion...

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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP4 Forms Complexes with TFIID and Mediator in Virus-Infected Cells

Cited by 62 publications

References 111 publications

Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Causes Near-Complete Loss of RNA Polymerase II Occupancy on the Host Cell Genome

Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Causes Near-Complete Loss of RNA Polymerase II Occupancy on the Host Cell Genome

Time-resolved Global and Chromatin Proteomics during Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Infection

A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation

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