Herpes in the Time of AIDS: A Comparison of the Epidemiology of HIV-1 and HSV-2 in Young Men in Northern Thailand

Jg, Dobbins; Td, Mastro; Nopkesorn, Taweesak; Sangkharomya, Suebpong; Limpakarnjanarat, Khanchit; Weniger, Bruce G.; Ds, Schmid

doi:10.1097/00007435-199902000-00001

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…1 57 More recent studies have added further evidence supporting the association between HSV-2 antibodies and HIV. Significant correlations between HIV and HSV-2 specific antibodies were found in Zimbabwe among male factory workers (odds ratio (OR) 8.0), 58 in Tanzanian STI clinic attenders (OR 2.5), 59 in Thai military recruits with a history of ulcers in the past 3 years (prevalence ratio (PR) 14.4) and in those without a history of ulcers (PR 2.6), 60 and in STI patients in Lesotho (PR 1.9). 48 In the population based study in Masaka, Uganda, the initial phase showed high levels of HSV seropositivity-57% in men and 74% in women but an OR for association with HIV infection of only 1.2.…”

Section: Hsv As a Risk Factor For Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programmes

O’Farrell

1999

Sexually Transmitted Infections

100

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Background:The recognition that sexually transmitted infections (STI) facilitate HIV transmission among heterosexuals has led to a rejuvenated focus on improving STI control as a component of HIV prevention programmes in developing countries. While eVorts so far have focused mainly on all STI, there is increasing evidence that genital ulcers facilitate a considerable proportion of HIV transmission among heterosexuals and that this eVect has been underestimated. This paper focuses on the epidemiology of genital herpes in developing countries past and present. Objectives: To review the scientific literature about the epidemiology of genital herpes in developing countries and discuss the implications of the findings for STI control and HIV prevention programmes. Search methodology: A Medline search for June 1966 to August 1999 using the keywords, genital herpes, STD and developing countries, and genital ulcers in MeSH and free text. Abstract books from recent international AIDS conferences and other international STD conferences were reviewed. The annual reports of the medical oYcers of heath for Harare 1982 and Durban 1989 were reviewed to detect trends in genital herpes diagnoses. Findings: Genital herpes, formerly regarded as a minor STI in most developing countries, has now emerged as a leading cause of genital ulceration in many countries where syphilis and chancroid were more prevalent previously. This increased recognition of genital herpes reflects both a change in the pattern of STI epidemiology through a decline in syphilis and chancroid as a response to HIV control programmes and improved techniques for diagnosing herpetic infection. Countries with significant heterosexual HIV epidemics also appear to have rapidly increasing numbers of genital herpes cases. Conclusions:The emergence of this herpes epidemic must be addressed through innovative strategies that will be viable, sustainable, acceptable, and eVective in developing countries. In countries where genital herpes is a significant problem, local adaptation of WHO treatment algorithms should be made. STI service providers should be trained about issues around the transmission of herpes and how best to advise clients about dealing with, and recognising, recurrences. The eVectiveness of antiviral treatment for genital herpes should be investigated in core groups at high risk of HIV. (Sex Transm Inf 1999;75:377-384)

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Section: Hsv As a Risk Factor For Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programmes

O’Farrell

1999

Sexually Transmitted Infections

100

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“…Periodic reactivation results in reinfection of the genital epithelium innervated by the infected dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Prophylactic immunization ideally would reduce infection of the genital epithelium and prevent latent infection of the ganglia, thereby eliminating the recurrent HSV-2 infections that provide opportunities for transmission to sex partners and newborns (60), as well as provide portals of entry for other pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (6,11,49). An understanding of how the response to immunization protects mucosally and systemically against subsequent HSV-2 genital infection would further the development of vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases, and HSV in particular.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine-Induced Serum Immunoglobin Contributes to Protection from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Genital Infection in the Presence of Immune T Cells

Morrison

Zhu

Thebeau

2001

J Virol

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Herpes simplex type virus 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes genital lesions and spreads to the nervous system to establish acute and latent infections. Systemic but not mucosal cellular and humoral immune responses are elicited by immunization of mice with a replication-defective mutant of HSV-2, yet the mice are protected against disease caused by subsequent challenge of the genital mucosa with virulent HSV-2. In this study, we investigated the role of immune serum antibody generated by immunization with a replication-defective HSV-2 vaccine prototype strain in protection of the genital mucosa and the nervous system from HSV-2 infection. Passive transfer of replication-defective virus-immune serum at physiologic concentrations to SCID or B-cell-deficient mice had no effect on replication of challenge virus in the genital mucosa but did significantly reduce the incidence and severity of genital and neurologic disease. In contrast, B-cell-deficient mice immunized with replication-defective HSV-2 were able to control replication of challenge virus in the genital mucosa, but not until 3 days postchallenge, and were not completely protected against genital and neurologic disease. Passive transfer of physiologic amounts of immune serum to immunized, B-cell-deficient mice completely restored their capacity to limit replication of challenge virus in the genital mucosa and prevented signs of genital and systemic disease. In addition, the numbers of viral genomes in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia of immunized, B-cell-deficient mice were dramatically reduced by transfer of immune serum prior to challenge. These results suggest that there is an apparent synergism between immune serum antibody and immune T cells in achieving protection and that serum antibody induced by vaccination with replication-defective virus aids in reducing establishment of latent infection after genital infection with HSV-2.Mucosal surfaces are a favored entry site for numerous pathogenic microorganisms. Infections with some of these organisms remain localized to the mucosal epithelium, while others spread systemically. The mucosal entry points are thought to be guarded by local mucosal immune responses, but systemic immune protection also can extend into the mucosa. This is particularly true of humoral immunity; antibody bathes interstitial spaces and can pass through the mucosa as a transudate from serum. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common human pathogen that enters the body primarily via the genital mucosa. HSV-2 replicates in the genital epithelium and spreads to lumbosacral sensory ganglia, where latent infection is maintained for the life of the individual. Periodic reactivation results in reinfection of the genital epithelium innervated by the infected dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Prophylactic immunization ideally would reduce infection of the genital epithelium and prevent latent infection of the ganglia, thereby eliminating the recurrent HSV-2 infections that provide opportunities for transmission to s...

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“…Seven studies were identified for Thailand and the seroprevalence for HSV-1 and HSV-2 was between 56.5% [113] to 91.0% [112] and 14.9% [110,111] to 80.0% [52], respectively. HSV-1 rates tended to be higher than HSV-2 rates, e.g., a study population of male army conscripts showed an HSV-1 seroprevalence of 77.0% and a lower HSV-2 seroprevalence of 14.9% [110,111]. The highest HSV-1 rate (91.0%) was reported among female sex workers, who had a lower HSV-2 rate (75.6%) [112].…”

Section: Herpes Simplex Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of ToRCH Pathogens in Southeast Asia

Fuchs

Pauly

Black³

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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ToRCH is the acronym for several pathogens associated with pregnancy complications and sequelae in the unborn or newborn child. Particularly primary infections during pregnancy are associated with increased risk. Seroprevalence data of ToRCH infections are important, especially in countries with weak disease surveillance systems, to estimate immunity and vaccination levels, as well as exposure rates and thus the risk of infection during pregnancy. A systematic literature search spanning a 30-year time period was conducted to identify serosurveys on ToRCH pathogens in Southeast Asia. The 96 identified studies showed that some pathogens were well studied, while only limited data were available for others. Studies from the better-developed countries of the region were more abundant. Moreover, seroprevalence data were often limited to a certain geographical region within the country or to certain cohorts, there was an evident lack of recent serosurveys, and the study quality was often not adequate. Well-designed and area-wide serosurveys of ToRCH pathogens are clearly warranted. If combined with risk factor analysis, these studies may guide the development and implementation of effective measures for infection prevention, especially during pregnancy. In addition, educational programs for health care workers and for pregnant women during antenatal care are urgently needed.

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Herpes in the Time of AIDS: A Comparison of the Epidemiology of HIV-1 and HSV-2 in Young Men in Northern Thailand

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programmes

Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programmes

Vaccine-Induced Serum Immunoglobin Contributes to Protection from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Genital Infection in the Presence of Immune T Cells

Seroprevalence of ToRCH Pathogens in Southeast Asia

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