Heroin self-administration by rats: Influence of dose and physical dependence

Dai, Soter; Corrigall, William A.; Coen, Kathleen M.; Kalant, H.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90074-9

Cited by 53 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Former opiate addicts did not report euphoria following a single IM injection of testosterone (Fingerhood et al 1997). Moreover, rats responding for 28 mg heroin IV pressed the active lever 9 times in a 30-min test (Dai et al 1989), and rats self-administering 62.5 mg cocaine IV for 4 h made 130 responses on the active lever (Briscoe et al 1998). By contrast, whether by oral (Johnson and Wood 2001), IV, or ICV self-administration, rats and hamsters show only a modest preference for testosterone (ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters

et al. 2004

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters

et al. 2004

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“…Instead, it is likely that steroid reinforcement is similar to that of other mild reinforcers, such as caffeine, nicotine, or benzodiazepines. Rats in an operant chamber respond vigorously for iv heroin [41] or cocaine [19,107]. In contrast, by oral [85,184], iv [185] or icv selfadministration [11,50,51,185], rats and hamsters show only a modest preference for testosterone.…”

Section: • the Bottom Line: What Have We Learned?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

Wood

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

136

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Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the direct psychoactive effects of AAS from reinforcement due to their systemic anabolic effects. However, using conditioned place preference and self-administration, studies in animals have demonstrated that AAS are reinforcing in a context where athletic performance is irrelevant. Furthermore, AAS share brain sites of action and neurotransmitter systems in common with other drugs of abuse. In particular, recent evidence links AAS with opioids. In humans, AAS abuse is associated with prescription opioid use. In animals, AAS overdose produces symptoms resembling opioid overdose, and AAS modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system. KeywordsAnabolic agents; Testosterone; self-administration; hamsters; drug dependence • Breakfast of champions: Recent history and prevalence of AAS useAnabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a hot topic. A search of the Google news archive in March 2007 reveals 47,500 news stories on "steroids" in 2006, a 400% increase since their debut in the archive in 2002. In 2006, "steroids" even surpassed trend-setters such as "Paris Hilton" (38,500 stories) or "spinach" (42,700 stories). Current media attention on AAS abuse has been driven by accusations of steroid use among professional athletes in baseball, track, and cycling. However, public recognition of AAS use in sports dates back nearly 20 years, when Ben Johnson tested positive for stanozolol at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 [77]. Eastern Block athletes had been using steroids since the 1950's, and the International Olympic Committee banned steroid use from Olympic competition in 1976. However, the ability to reliably detect androgen metabolites in urine samples was limited until the advent of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [89]. Johnson's drug test spurred the United States Congress to pass the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1991 which declared steroids as Address all reprint requests and correspondence to Ruth I. Wood, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., BMT 401, Los Angeles, CA 90033. Telephone (323) 442-1980, Fax: (323) 442-3466, e-mail: riw@usc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain....

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“…For instance, with alcohol, animals will not self-administer high levels of alcohol, which is quite different than humans (Cunningham et al, 2000). Heroin self-administration in rats can go as high as 3 mg/kg (Dai et al, 1989), well above the range of heroin use generally reported by many users (0.06-0.3 mg/kg) yet less than what very heavy users administer (6 mg/kg) (Uchtenhagen et al, 1999). Furthermore, it should be noted that self-administration studies examine the dose at which the drug becomes sufficiently rewarding to reinforce responding.…”

Section: Dose Relevance: Humans To Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: a review

Skelton

Williams

Vorhees

2008

Behavioural Pharmacology

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Abstract± 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a chemical derivative of amphetamine that has become a popular drug of abuse and has been shown to deplete serotonin in the brains of users and animals exposed to it. To date, most studies have investigated the effects of MDMA on adult animals. With a majority of users of MDMA being young adults, the chances of the users becoming pregnant and exposing the fetuses to MDMA are also a concern. Evidence to date has shown that developmental exposure to MDMA results in learning and memory impairments in the Morris water maze, a task known to be sensitive to hippocampal disruption, when the animals are tested as adults. Developmental MDMA exposure leads to hypoactivity in the offspring as adults but does not affect outcome on tests of anxiety. MDMA administration decreases pup weight, increases corticosterone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels during treatment while decreasing brain levels of serotonin; a decrease that initially dissipates and then reappears in adulthood. Neonatal MDMA exposure increases the sensitivity of the serotonin 1A receptor, a possible mechanism underlying the learning and memory deficits seen. Taken together, the evidence shows that MDMA exposure has adverse effects on the developing brain and behavior. The animal and human data on developmental MDMA exposure are reviewed and their public health implications discussed.

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Heroin self-administration by rats: Influence of dose and physical dependence

Cited by 53 publications

References 20 publications

Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters

Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

Developmental effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: a review

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