“…These point to broad patterns of organizational persistence and development in the long-term history of change (Cuban, 1984), the fate of particular reform movements and policies (Tyack & Tobin, 1994), and to reform in particular areas like curriculum (Goodson, 1983). Reform effects figure less strongly in historical studies of single schools and their experiences of change (e.g., Goodson & Anstead, 1998;Grant, 1988;Labaree, 1988), where factors such as leadership succession, shifts in district focus, and the maturing lives and careers of teaching staff seem to lead to an attrition of innovative energy over time (e.g., Fink, 2000;Gold, 1999;Smith, Dwyer, Prunty, & Kleine, 1987;Smith, Prunty, Dwyer, & Kleine, 1988;Smith, Prunty, Kleine, & Dwyer, 1986). Life cycle research on the effects of age and career stage on teachers' (Huberman, 1993;Sikes, Measor, & Woods, 1985) and principals' (C. Day & Bakioglu, 1996) orientations to change shows how educators' responses to change as they age vary according to their prior experiences of change in earlier career.…”