HERMES: a soft X-ray beamline dedicated to X-ray microscopy

Belkhou, Rachid; Stanescu, Stefan; Swaraj, Sufal; Besson, Adrien; Ledoux, Milena; Hajlaoui, Mahdi; Dallé, D

doi:10.1107/s1600577515007778

Cited by 82 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…XANES data were collected on the 10ID-1 STXM beamline ( Kaznatcheev et al, 2007 ) at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) and on the HERMES STXM beamline ( Belkhou et al, 2015;Swaraj et al, 2017 ) at the synchrotron SOLEIL. At CLS, a 100 nm thick titanium filter is used to remove the contribution of second order light while at SOLEIL, beamline optical elements are exposed to a continuous flow of pure O 2 to remove carbon contamination.…”

Section: Xanes Spectroscopy 251 Xanes Data Acquisition Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of interstellar organic compounds under asteroidal hydrothermal conditions

Vinogradoff

Bernard

Guillou

et al. 2018

Icarus

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International audienceCarbonaceous chondrites (CC) contain a diversity of organic compounds. No definitive evidence for a genetic relationship between these complex organic molecules and the simple organic molecules detected in the interstellar medium (ISM) has yet been reported. One of the many difficulties arises from the transformations of organic compounds during accretion and hydrothermal alteration on asteroids. Here, we report results of hydrothermal alteration experiments conducted on a common constituent of interstellar ice analogs, Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT – C 6 H 12 N 4). We submitted HMT to asteroidal hydrothermal conditions at 150 °C, for various durations (up to 31 days) and under alkaline pH. Organic products were characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Results show that, within a few days, HMT has evolved into (1) a very diverse suite of soluble compounds dominated by N-bearing aromatic compounds (> 150 species after 31 days), including for instance formamide, pyridine, pyrrole and their polymers (2) an aromatic and N-rich insoluble material that forms after only 7 days of experiment and then remains stable through time. The reaction pathways leading to the soluble compounds likely include HMT dissociation, formose and Maillard-type reactions, e.g. reactions of sugar derivatives with amines. The present study demonstrates that, if interstellar organic compounds such as HMT had been accreted by chondrite parent bodies, they would have undergone chemical transformations during hydrothermal alteration, potentially leading to the formation of high molecular weight insoluble organic molecules. Some of the diversity of soluble and insoluble organic compounds found in CC may thus result from asteroidal hydrothermal alteration

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Section: Xanes Spectroscopy 251 Xanes Data Acquisition Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of interstellar organic compounds under asteroidal hydrothermal conditions

Vinogradoff

Bernard

Guillou

et al. 2018

Icarus

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“…The design parameters for FZP with outermost line widths below 10 nm were chosen to match the experimental conditions at the scanning transmission X-ray microscopes (STXM) at the PolLux and Hermes beamlines at the Swiss Light Source and Synchrotron Soleil [14,15]. Special attention has been given to the illumination conditions at these beamlines to ensure that the zone plate dimensions match the coherence length and energy bandwidth.…”

Section: Resulting Fresnel Zone Platesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting atomic layer deposition for fabricating sub-10 nm X-ray lenses

Rösner

Koch

Döring

et al. 2018

Microelectronic Engineering

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Moving towards significantly smaller nanostructures, direct structuring techniques such as electron beam lithography approach fundamental limitations in feature size and aspect ratios. Application of nanostructures like diffractive X-ray lenses require feature sizes of below 10 nm to enter a new regime in high resolution X-ray microscopy. As such dimensions are difficult to obtain using conventional electron beam lithography, we pursue a line-doubling approach. We demonstrate that this method yields structure sizes as small as 6.4 nm. X-ray lenses fabricated in this way are tested for their efficiency and microscopic resolution. In addition, the line-doubling technique is successfully extended to a six-fold scheme, where each line in a template structure written by electron beam lithography evolves into six metal lines.

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“…) at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) and on the HERMES STXM beamline (Belkhou et al . ; Swaraj et al . ) at the synchrotron SOLEIL, for all the specimens investigated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the structure and chemistry of fossils of the earliest woody plant

et al. 2019

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Palaeontology relies on the description of fossil morphologies to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Yet much remains unknown about the impact of fossilization processes, even though these may introduce biases into palaeobiological interpretations. Here, we report the characterization of fossilized remains of the earliest known woody plant Armoricaphyton chateaupannense preserved either in 2D (as flat carbonaceous films) or in 3D (as organo‐mineral structures) in early Devonian shales (c. 407 Ma) of the Armorican Massif on the northern margin of Gondwana. To document the fine‐scale structure and the chemistry of the tracheids of this ancient plant, we used propagation phase contrast synchrotron radiation X‐ray microcomputed tomography (PPC‐SRμCT), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron‐based scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) coupled with X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. PPC‐SRμCT enables digital visualization of cell walls in unprecedented detail for the specimens preserved in 3D revealing structures similar to those observed in extant lignified cells, thereby strongly suggesting that the earliest woody plant A. chateaupannense originally contained lignin compounds. STXM‐based XANES and TEM data show that, whatever the preservation modes (3D vs 2D), the remaining organic matter has a chemical composition rather typical of pyrobitumen compounds, raising the possibility of an original source other than lignin. The pyrobitumen compounds also contains automorphic Ti‐nanominerals interpreted as a diagenetic feature. Altogether, the present study illustrates that anatomical and chemical preservations may not always be correlated.

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HERMES: a soft X-ray beamline dedicated to X-ray microscopy

Cited by 82 publications

References 34 publications

Evolution of interstellar organic compounds under asteroidal hydrothermal conditions

Evolution of interstellar organic compounds under asteroidal hydrothermal conditions

Exploiting atomic layer deposition for fabricating sub-10 nm X-ray lenses

On the structure and chemistry of fossils of the earliest woody plant

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