Heritable Variation in the Length of the Y Chromosome

Bishop, Audrey; Blank, C. E.; Hunter, Henry

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)92933-1

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In our study population, 95 (3.74%) of 2541 sperm donors had Yqh+, consistent with results of previous surveys (31,32,33). Interestingly, in a very small and early study, Park et al found 28% (8 cases out of 28 total) in overseas Chinese in the USA [33].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Bishop et al inferred that increased length of the Y chromosome might be due to a difference in the degree of contraction of chromosomes during cell division [31]. Gripenberg explained Yqh+ as the result of an addition of chromosomal substance because it bears two secondary constrictions [32], while Ghosh et al concluded that the difference in the size of the Y chromosome is a morphological feature without any functional significance [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long Y chromosome is not a fetal loss risk

Nie

2010

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose To assess the long Y chromosome genetic effect on human pregnancy outcomes. Methods We studied all records of pregnancies by human sperm donors after artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization at the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya. Fetal losses were compared from two groups of sperm donors: the observation group (with long Y chromosome) and the control group (without long Y chromosome). Results 2885 pregnancies were achieved with donor sperm by artificial insemination and 1746 by in vitro fertilization. The rates of fetal loss, congenital malformation and donor fecundity in the observation group after both assisted reproductive technique were the same as for the control group. Conclusions A long Y chromosome may therefore be considered as a normal variant.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Y chromosome is not a fetal loss risk

Nie

2010

J Assist Reprod Genet

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“…Y chromosome of individuals and of ethnic groups is a long established fact (7-lo), and its inheritance at constant length is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION well documented (2,5,14,15). Lubs and Patil (23) suggest that there exists a north/south gradient for the length of the Y in The average length of the Y in ~ontrols and trisomy 21 patients Europeans; men of Mediterranean origin having a longer Y.…”

Section: Speculationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Higher Incidence of Small Y Chromosome in Humans with Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

et al. 1982

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SummaryThe length of the Y chromosome was measured in 42 black patients with trisomy 21 (47,XY,+21) and a similar number of normal individuals of American black ancestry. The length of the Y was expressed as a function of Y/F ratio and arbitrarily classified into five groups using subjectively defined criteria as follows: very small, small, average, large, and very large. Thirty-eight % of the trisomy 21 patients had small or very small Ys compared to 2.38% of the controls (P < 0.01). In both populations the size of the Y was not normally distributed. In the normals it was skewed to the left, whereas in the Downs the distribution was flat (platykurtic). A significantly higher incidence of Y length heteromorphisms was noted in the Down as compared to the normal black population. In the light of our current understanding that about one-third of all trisomy 21 patients are due to paternal nondisjunction, it may be tempting to speculate that males with small Y are at an increased risk for nondisjunction of the 21 chromosome. SpeculationThe present study suggests that one-third of trisomy 21 cases have small Y chromosome. Presently, it is believed that approximately one-third of all cases of Down Syndrome are due to "paternal" nondisjunction. Therefore, it is speculated that fathers with small Y chromosome might be at higher risk for nondisjunction for chromosome 21.were unrelated. Lymphocyte metaphases were obtained by a modification of the Moorhead technique (24). At least five to ten GTG (G-bands by Trypsin using Giemsa) (20) banded metaphases 'were from each specimen on high contrast copy film using a Zeiss photomicroscope 111.The four best banded cells were selected from each individual. Chromosomes 19, 20 and Y were directly measured from the negative by projecting the film using a Simmons Omega point light source enlarger (Simmons Omega Inc., N.Y., U.S.A.). The value of "F" was determined as the average length of the four F group chromosomes and the Y/F ratio was calculated for each cell. The final Y/F ratio for the individual was expressed as the average of four-cells. A test of significance ( t test) was performed to examine the differences in the two populations (21). there exists a north/south gradient for the length of the Y in The average length of the Y in ~ontrols and trisomy 21 patients Europeans; men of Mediterranean origin having a longer Y. The were 1.09 and 0.97, respectively; however, the length distribution biologic and clinical significance of human Y chromosome bet-in the controls was skewed to the left whereas in the patients it eromorphisms, however, are poorly understood (12). Although a Was platykuflic. Hence, to compare the average length of the Y longer Y has been reported in criminals (22), no length differences chromosome of one group to another was considered inapprowere observed between criminals and noncriminal controls in priate. several other studies (1,3,4,6,16,17). Consequently, no consistentThe length of the human Y ~h r~m o s o m e is arbitrarily classified relation between th...

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“…Muldal and Ockey (1961) in four males three of which show hypospadia, Conen et al (1961) in a patient with presumed XO/Xy mosaicism, in an XO/XYY female patient with primary amenorrhaea, Vaharu et al (1961) in a patient exhibiting failure of growth, Cooper et al (1962) in an XYY/XO female patient with sex abnormality, Bishop et al (1962) in a male Down's syndrome patient, Kallen and Levan (1962) in three male patients with Marfan's syndrome, van Wijck et al (1962) in three males with oligospermia or azoospermia, Makino et al (1963 c) in the father and grandfather of a girl with Down's syndrome and in a male with multiple malformations, Makino et al (1963 g) in one of twin brothers with heart de fect, and in a patient with brain arterio-venous mal formation, and in a patient with hyperammonemia, all reported abnormalities of the Y chromosomes.…”

Section: G)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosomal Studies in Normal Human Subjects and in 300 Cases of Congenital Disorders Part III

Makino

1964

CYTOLOGIA

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Heritable Variation in the Length of the Y Chromosome

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

Long Y chromosome is not a fetal loss risk

Long Y chromosome is not a fetal loss risk

Higher Incidence of Small Y Chromosome in Humans with Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

Chromosomal Studies in Normal Human Subjects and in 300 Cases of Congenital Disorders Part III

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