Heritability of illicit drug use and transition to dependence in Southwest California Indians

Ehlers, Cindy L.; Wall, Tamara L.; Corey, Linda A.; Lau, Philip; Gilder, David A.; Wilhelmsen, Kirk C.

doi:10.1097/01.ypg.0000242201.56342.1a

Cited by 21 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…First, these fi ndings are relevant to theories attempting to explain the high rates of cannabis and other drug misuse among Native Americans living on reservations. Among these theories, some researchers have suggested that the increased rates of drug dependence within this population can be attributed to early exposure (Ehlers et al, 2007) and a lack of contingency between access to basic life reinforcers (e.g., employment, education, housing) and sobriety (Spillane and Smith, 2007). The reported result that the socially contingent abuse symptoms represent more severe symptoms among Native Americans than European Americans suggests that social contingencies are more frequently violated in the presence of heavy cannabis use among European Americans and less so among Native Americans living on reservations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As part of a larger study examining the etiology of substance use disorders in a community sample of American Indians living on reservations (see Ehlers et al, 2001Ehlers et al, , 2004Ehlers et al, , 2007Gilder et al, 2004Gilder et al, , 2009), the present study applied IRT methods to accomplish two specifi c aims: (a) to evaluate whether cannabis misuse symptoms assess a continuous latent trait that indexes the severity of cannabis use in both Native Americans living on reservations and European Americans and (b) to evaluate whether individual cannabis misuse symptoms differentially index severity in these two populations. Because the Native American community under study has been shown to exhibit very high rates of substance use disorders (e.g., 70% alcohol dependent, 60% cannabis dependent), we chose to use an equally affected population of European Americans for the present report, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study population (70% alcohol dependent, 44% cannabis dependent), which is a nationwide population-based sample selected for the presence of alcohol dependence (Ehlers et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Contributions of Ethnicity to Differential Item Functioning of Cannabis Abuse and Dependence Symptoms

Gizer

Gilder

Lau

et al. 2013

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, and as a result, it is associated with signifi cant public health costs. The present study sought to investigate whether item response theory (IRT) methods could be used to identify meaningful differences in how cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms (determined by criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) function as indices of the severity of misuse across two ethnic groups: Native Americans and European Americans. Method: Participants were drawn from two previously collected samples, a population of Native Americans living on contiguous reservations (n = 406) and the University of California at San Francisco Family Alcoholism Study (n = 728). Cannabis use disorder symptoms were assessed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism.Results: Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms indexed a single latent trait measuring severity of cannabis use. IRT and multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) analyses suggested meaningful differences in the functioning of these symptoms across ethnic groups. Withdrawal represented a more prevalent and less severe symptom among Native Americans relative to European Americans, whereas each of the cannabis abuse symptoms and a symptom assessing psychological and health problems resulting from cannabis use were less prevalent but more severe in Native Americans. Conclusions:The fi ndings suggest differences in how cannabis use disorders manifest in these populations and thus have implications for the assessment of these disorders as well as theories attempting to explain the increased rates of substance use diagnoses more generally among Native Americans living on reservations. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 74, 320-328, 2013)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of Ethnicity to Differential Item Functioning of Cannabis Abuse and Dependence Symptoms

Gizer

Gilder

Lau

et al. 2013

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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“…The lifetime prevalence of substance dependence in this Indian population is high and evidence for heritability and linkage to specific chromosome locations and associations with candidate genes has been demonstrated (see Wall et al, 2003; Ehlers et al, 2004b, 2006b, 2007a,b,c, 2008a,b, 2009a,b, 2010a; Ehlers and Wilhelmsen, 2005, 2007; Wilhelmsen and Ehlers, 2005). The current study’s aims were to: (1) map loci linked to SRE phenotypes and (2) to determine if there was overlap of the loci identified for SRE phenotypes and loci previously mapped for alcohol and other substance dependence in this American Indian community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Genome-wide scan for self-rating of the effects of alcohol in American Indians

Ehlers¹,

Gizer

Schuckit

et al. 2010

Psychiatric Genetics

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Objective-This study's aims were to map loci linked to self-rating of the effects of alcohol and to determine if there was overlap with loci previously mapped for other substance dependence phenotypes in an American Indian community at high risk for substance dependence.Methods-Each participant gave a blood sample and completed a structured diagnostic interview using the Semi Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). Retrospective report of responses to alcohol during the FIRST FIVE TIMES they had ever drank alcohol was estimated from the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) questionnaire for each participant. Genotypes were determined for a panel of 791 micro-satellite polymorphisms in 381 members of multiplex families using SOLAR.Results-Analyses of multipoint variance component LOD scores, for the FIRST FIVE TIMES phenotype, revealed two loci that had a LOD score greater than 3.0 on chromosomes 6 and 9. Additionally, 3 locations were identified with LOD scores above 2.0 on chromosomes 10, 12, 17.Conclusion-These results corroborate the importance of regions on chromosome 6 and 9 highlighted in prior segregation studies in this and other populations for substance dependencerelated phenotypes, as well as an area on chromosome 10 previously identified for the FIRST FIVE TIMES phenotype in the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. These studies additionally lend further support the construct that the SRE may represent an important endophenotype associated with alcohol and other substance dependence.

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“…The discrete traits were modeled with a liability threshold model. These analyses have been described previously (Ehlers et al, 2004a(Ehlers et al, , 2006Wilhelmsen and Ehlers, 2005).…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age at First Intoxication and Alcohol Use Disorders in Southwest California Indians

Ehlers

Slutske

Gilder

et al. 2006

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Heritability of illicit drug use and transition to dependence in Southwest California Indians

Cited by 21 publications

References 52 publications

Contributions of Ethnicity to Differential Item Functioning of Cannabis Abuse and Dependence Symptoms

Contributions of Ethnicity to Differential Item Functioning of Cannabis Abuse and Dependence Symptoms

Genome-wide scan for self-rating of the effects of alcohol in American Indians

Age at First Intoxication and Alcohol Use Disorders in Southwest California Indians

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