Heritability of Facial Characteristics between Parents and Offsprings: A Photographic Study

Lahoti, Seema Kapil; Karia, Ashok M; Lahoti, Kapil B

doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10021-1199

JIOS

2013

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10021-1199

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Heritability of Facial Characteristics between Parents and Offsprings: A Photographic Study

Seema Kapil Lahoti¹,

Ashok M Karia²,

Kapil B Lahoti³

Abstract: Aims and objectives: Facial morphology is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors which interact in complex ways to determine the form and function of the craniofacial complex. Many studies have been done to know the amount of heritability of the skeletal components but hardly are known about the heritability of soft tissue pattern which is compared by everyone as soon as the child born.Cephalometry and photography is used in orthodontics to document the appearance of the face. Considerable progre… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Facial Morphological Variation: A 3D Population-Based Twin Study

Djordjević¹,

Zhurov²,

Richmond³

2016

PLoS ONE

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IntroductionFacial phenotype is influenced by genes and environment; however, little is known about their relative contributions to normal facial morphology. The aim of this study was to assess the relative genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation using a three-dimensional (3D) population-based approach and the classical twin study design.Materials and Methods3D facial images of 1380 female twins from the TwinsUK Registry database were used. All faces were landmarked, by manually placing 37 landmark points, and Procrustes registered. Three groups of traits were extracted and analysed: 19 principal components (uPC) and 23 principal components (sPC), derived from the unscaled and scaled landmark configurations respectively, and 1275 linear distances measured between 51 landmarks (37 manually identified and 14 automatically calculated). The intraclass correlation coefficients, rMZ and rDZ, broad-sense heritability (h2), common (c2) and unique (e2) environment contributions were calculated for all traits for the monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.ResultsHeritability of 13 uPC and 17 sPC reached statistical significance, with h2 ranging from 38.8% to 78.5% in the former and 30.5% to 84.8% in the latter group. Also, 1222 distances showed evidence of genetic control. Common environment contributed to one PC in both groups and 53 linear distances (4.3%). Unique environment contributed to 17 uPC and 20 sPC and 1245 distances.ConclusionsGenetic factors can explain more than 70% of the phenotypic facial variation in facial size, nose (width, prominence and height), lips prominence and inter-ocular distance. A few traits have shown potential dominant genetic influence: the prominence and height of the nose, the lower lip prominence in relation to the chin and upper lip philtrum length. Environmental contribution to facial variation seems to be the greatest for the mandibular ramus height and horizontal facial asymmetry.

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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Facial Morphological Variation: A 3D Population-Based Twin Study

Djordjević¹,

Zhurov²,

Richmond³

2016

PLoS ONE

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Comparative evaluation of facial soft tissue characteristics inherited between parents and off springs in families native of Himachal Pradesh-A photographic study

Mehra¹,

Singh²,

Kour³

2020

IJODR

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The form and function of the craniofacial complex is determined by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors thus influencing facial morphology. Facial photographs taken in a standardized pattern assumes great significance in studying heritability of soft-tissue facial features between parents and their offspring. To evaluate the facial soft-tissue pattern of parents and their offspring with the help of standardized facial photographs and to find the degree of correlation between them. A total sample of 120 children within the age-group of 16-25 years and their parents were selected from ethnic Himachal Pradesh population. Standardized photographs (frontal and right lateral) of entire sample were taken and then traced. Twenty-four parameters involving linear and proportional measurements were measured. Statistically significant correlations between parents and their offspring were found for upper facial height, total facial height, lip length at philtrum, chin projection, upper lip to S line, Nasal prominence, true vertical to tip of nose, true vertical to subnasale, true vertical to pogonion, vertical lip-chin ratio. Stronger heritability was found between daughters to their mothers than to their fathers. Sons showed heritability from both parents for Upper lip prominence to E-line and True vertical to Subnasale. There was strong evidence indicating genetic contribution for both linear and proportional parameters. Highest correlations in inheritance of facial features was found between mother and daughter. Thus, parental data can be used to predict soft tissue facial form of offspring and information from siblings can also be used.

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Spatially Dense 3D Facial Heritability and Modules of Co-heritability in a Father-Offspring Design

Hoskens

Indencleef

et al. 2018

Front. Genet.

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Introduction: The human face is a complex trait displaying a strong genetic component as illustrated by various studies on facial heritability. Most of these start from sparse descriptions of facial shape using a limited set of landmarks. Subsequently, facial features are preselected as univariate measurements or principal components and the heritability is estimated for each of these features separately. However, none of these studies investigated multivariate facial features, nor the co-heritability between different facial features. Here we report a spatially dense multivariate analysis of facial heritability and co-heritability starting from data from fathers and their children available within ALSPAC. Additionally, we provide an elaborate overview of related craniofacial heritability studies.Methods: In total, 3D facial images of 762 father-offspring pairs were retained after quality control. An anthropometric mask was applied to these images to establish spatially dense quasi-landmark configurations. Partial least squares regression was performed and the (co-)heritability for all quasi-landmarks (∼7160) was computed as twice the regression coefficient. Subsequently, these were used as input to a hierarchical facial segmentation, resulting in the definition of facial modules that are internally integrated through the biological mechanisms of inheritance. Finally, multivariate heritability estimates were obtained for each of the resulting modules.Results: Nearly all modular estimates reached statistical significance under 1,000,000 permutations and after multiple testing correction (p ≤ 1.3889 × 10-3), displaying low to high heritability scores. Particular facial areas showing the greatest heritability were similar for both sons and daughters. However, higher estimates were obtained in the former. These areas included the global face, upper facial part (encompassing the nasion, zygomas and forehead) and nose, with values reaching 82% in boys and 72% in girls. The lower parts of the face only showed low to moderate levels of heritability.Conclusion: In this work, we refrain from reducing facial variation to a series of individual measurements and analyze the heritability and co-heritability from spatially dense landmark configurations at multiple levels of organization. Finally, a multivariate estimation of heritability for global-to-local facial segments is reported. Knowledge of the genetic determination of facial shape is useful in the identification of genetic variants that underlie normal-range facial variation.

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Heritability of Facial Characteristics between Parents and Offsprings: A Photographic Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Facial Morphological Variation: A 3D Population-Based Twin Study

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Facial Morphological Variation: A 3D Population-Based Twin Study

Comparative evaluation of facial soft tissue characteristics inherited between parents and off springs in families native of Himachal Pradesh-A photographic study

Spatially Dense 3D Facial Heritability and Modules of Co-heritability in a Father-Offspring Design

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